Positive resist compositions and patterning process

ABSTRACT

In a positive resist composition comprising (A) a resin component which becomes soluble in an alkaline developer under the action of an acid and (B) a photoacid generator, component (A) is a polymer of formula (1) wherein R 1  is H, methyl or trifluoromethyl, R 2  and R 3  are alkyl, R 4  is a monovalent hydrocarbon group, X 1  is O, S or CH 2 CH 2 , X 2  is O, S, CH 2  or CH 2 CH 2 , n is 1 or 2, a1, a2, c, d1 and d2 each are from 0 to less than 1, b is from 0.01 to less than 1, and a1+a2+b+c+d1+d2=1. The resist composition forms a pattern with high rectangularity at an enhanced resolution when processed by ArF lithography.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This non-provisional application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(a) on Patent Application No. 2006-186304 filed in Japan on July 6, 2006, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates resist compositions suitable for microfabrication lithography with advantages of resolution, pattern density dependence and mask fidelity, and capable of forming a pattern of high rectangularity while controlling film slimming, and a patterning process using the same.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In the recent drive for higher integration and operating speeds in LSI devices, the pattern rule is made drastically finer. Active efforts have been made on the development of microfabrication technology using deep ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet lithography. The photolithography using a light source in the form of a KrF excimer laser of wavelength 248 nm has reached a level enough to play a main role in the commercial production of semiconductor devices. Investigations are made on the use of an ArF excimer laser of wavelength 193 nm in order to achieve a further reduction of feature size, and the technical challenge has reached the pilot production of some devices. Since the ArF excimer laser lithography has not matured as the micropatterning technology, a number of problems must be overcome before it can enter the commercial phase of device production.

Resist materials adapted for the ArF excimer laser lithography must meet several characteristics including transparency at wavelength 193 nm and dry etch resistance. As the resist material satisfying both the requirements, JP-A 9-73173 and JP-A 9-90637 disclose resist compositions comprising as a base resin a polymer of (meth)acrylic acid derivative having bulky acid-labile protective groups as typified by 2-ethyl-2-adamantyl and 2-methyl-2-adamantyl. While a number of resist materials have been proposed since then, most of them are common in that the resin used has a highly transparent backbone and a carboxylic acid moiety protected with a tertiary alkyl group.

While these resist materials suffer from many problems, a shortage of resolution is regarded a fatal deficiency in forming micro-size patterns. Specifically, tertiary alkyl groups which are often used as the protective group for carboxylic acids are generally less reactive, and their performance is absolutely short in the application where a high resolution is required as in forming fine trenches. Reactivity can be enhanced to some extent by increasing the temperature of heat treatment following exposure. However, the elevated temperature encourages acid diffusion, thereby exacerbating pattern density dependency and mask fidelity. An overall evaluation does not reach the conclusion that the resolution performance is enhanced.

As a protective group having a relatively high reactivity, JP-A 2006-96965 discloses the use of protective groups of methylene acetal type. The use of protective groups of methylene acetal type has advantages including improved sensitivity and enhanced resolution, but suffers from the drawback that light leakage from exposure site has a substantial influence, inviting the undesired results of film slimming and degraded pattern rectangularity.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to provide a resist composition which achieves both an improvement in resolution and maintenance of pattern rectangularity when processed by photolithography using high-energy radiation such as ArF excimer laser, and a patterning process using the same.

The inventors have discovered that a positive resist composition comprising as a base resin a polymer comprising recurring units of the general formula (1), shown below, exhibits a significantly enhanced resolution and maintains pattern rectangularity when processed by photolithography and is thus a resist material quite useful in precise microfabrication.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a resist composition and a patterning process as defined below.

In one aspect, the invention provides a positive resist composition comprising (A) a resin component which becomes soluble in an alkaline developer under the action of an acid, and (B) a compound which generates an acid in response to actinic light or radiation. The resin component (A) comprises a polymer comprising recurring units of the general formula (1):

wherein R¹ is independently hydrogen, methyl or trifluoromethyl, R² and R3 are each independently a straight or branched alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R⁴ is a straight, branched or cyclic monovalent hydrocarbon group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms optionally containing a heteroatom, X¹ is O, S or CH₂CH₂, X² is O, S, CH₂ or CH₂CH₂, n is 1 or 2, a1, a2, b, c, d1 and d2 indicate ratios of the corresponding recurring units, a1, a2, c, d1 and d2 each are from 0 to less than 1, b is from 0.01 to less than 1, with the proviso that a1 and a2 are not equal to 0 at the same time, and d1 and d2 are not equal to 0 at the same time, and a1+a2+b+c+d1+d2=1.

In another aspect, the invention provides a process for forming a pattern, comprising the steps of applying the resist composition onto a substrate to form a resist coating; heat treating the coating and exposing to high-energy radiation or electron beam through a photomask; and heat treating the exposed coating and developing with a developer. In one preferred embodiment, the exposing step is immersion lithography with a high refractive index liquid having a refractive index of at least 1.0 interposed between the resist coating and a projection lens. In another preferred embodiment, the process further comprises the step of applying a protective coating on the resist coating, and the exposing step is immersion lithography with a high refractive index liquid having a refractive index of at least 1.0 interposed between the protective coating and a projection lens.

BENEFITS OF THE INVENTION

The resist composition of the invention exhibits a significantly enhanced resolution and forms a pattern of good rectangularity when processed by photolithography, especially by ArF lithography, and is quite useful in precise microfabrication.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

The notation (Cn-Cm) means a group containing from n to m carbon atoms per group.

Now the resist composition of the invention is described in detail. It is understood that for some structures represented by chemical formulae, there can exist enantiomers and diastereomers because of the presence of asymmetric carbon atoms. In such a case, a single formula collectively represents all such isomers. The isomers may be used alone or in admixture.

The resist material of the invention is a positive resist composition comprising (A) a resin component which becomes soluble in an alkaline developer under the action of an acid, and (B) a compound which generates an acid in response to actinic light or radiation. The resin component (A) comprises a polymer comprising recurring units of the general formula (1).

Herein R¹ is independently hydrogen, methyl or trifluoromethyl. R² and R³ are each independently a straight or branched C₁-C₄ alkyl group, examples of which include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl. R⁴ is a straight, branched or cyclic monovalent hydrocarbon group, typically alkyl group, of 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may contain one or more heteroatom. Examples of suitable monovalent hydrocarbon groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, tert-amyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, ethylcyclopentyl, butylcyclopentyl, ethylcyclohexyl, butylcyclohexyl, adamantyl, ethyladamantyl, and butyladamantyl, and modified forms of the foregoing in which any carbon-carbon bond is separated by a hetero atomic group such as —O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—, —NH—, —C(═O)—, —C(═O)O— or —C(═O)NH— or in which any hydrogen atom is substituted by a functional group such as —OH, —NH₂, —CHO, or —CO₂H. X¹ is O, S or CH₂CH₂, X² is O, S, CH₂ or CH₂CH₂, and n is 1 or 2.

The subscripts a1, a2, b, c, d1 and d2 indicate incorporation ratios (molar ratios) of the corresponding recurring units. Each of a1, a2, c, d1 and d2 is from 0 to less than 1, b is from 0.01 to less than 1, a1 and a2 are not equal to 0 at the same time, d1 and d2 are not equal to 0 at the same time, and a1+a2+b+c+d1+d2=1. Understandably, a1+a2+b+c+d1+d2=1 means that in a polymer comprising recurring units a1, a2, b, c, d1 and d2, the total of these recurring units a1, a2, b, c, d1 and d2 is 100 mol % relative to the total of entire recurring units. The preferred ranges of incorporation ratios of respective units are;

-   0≦a1≦0.8. more preferably 0≦a1≦0.6, -   0≦a2≦0.8, more preferably 0≦a2≦0.6, -   0.05≦a1+a2≦0.8, more preferably 0.1≦a1+a2≦0.6, -   0.01≦b≦0.8, more preferably 0.01≦b≦0.6, -   0≦c≦0.6, more preferably 0≦c≦0.4, -   0≦d1≦0.8, more preferably 0≦d1≦0.6, -   0≦d2≦0.8, more preferably 0≦d2≦0.6, and -   0.05≦d1+d2≦0.8, more preferably 0.1≦d1+d2≦0.6.

In formula (1), the units incorporated at ratios “a1” and “a2” are units in which carboxylic acid is protected with a protective group of methylene acetal type. Since the protective group of methylene acetal type has a relatively high reactivity, deprotection proceeds readily even in those regions where optical contrast is weakened by some off-focusing, which eventually leads to a wider focal depth. During the progress of reaction, it is unnecessary that the acid generated by exposure diffuses to a substantial extent, with the concomitant advantages of improved pattern density dependency and mask fidelity. On the other hand, said group has so poor dissolution inhibitory effect that dissolution of the film takes place even by slight exposure or deprotection reaction, and particularly upon exposure through a halftone mask, this can result in film slimming and pattern profile degradation. Making efforts to overcome this drawback, the inventors have discovered that the use of units incorporated at ratio “b” in formula (1) is effective in controlling film slimming and maintaining pattern rectangularity without sacrificing focal depth, pattern density dependency and mask fidelity. The present invention is predicated on this discovery.

In formula (1), the units incorporated at ratio “b” are units having a tertiary alkyl ester of many carbon atoms having high hydrophobicity. Because of high hydrophobicity, the units are effective in preventing the film from being excessively dissolved upon development, thus restraining film slimming. The adamantane structure included in these units occupies a relatively small volume albeit many carbon atoms so that it does not reduce the denseness of a film to be formed, and is also effective in preventing the acid generated upon exposure from diffusing fruitlessly. When a polymer having these units combined with units having protective groups of methylene acetal type is used, the resulting resist material exhibits satisfactory performance with respect to all of focal depth, pattern density dependency, and mask fidelity, and produces a pattern profile of improved rectangularity with minimized film slimming.

Preferred constructions of resin component (A) are illustrated by the following examples, but are not limited thereto.

The resin component (A) should preferably have a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 1,000 to 50,000, and more preferably 2,000 to 30,000, as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) versus polystyrene standards.

Other Resin Component

To the resist composition of the invention comprising the resin component (A) which is a polymer of formula (1), another resin component may be added.

The resin component other than resin component (A) that can be added to the resist composition includes, but is not limited to, polymers comprising units of the following formula (R1) and/or (R2) and having a weight average molecular weight of 1,000 to 100,000, especially 3,000 to 30,000, as measured by GPC versus polystyrene standards.

Herein, R⁰⁰¹ is hydrogen, methyl or CH₂CO₂R⁰⁰³.

R⁰⁰² is hydrogen, methyl or CO₂R⁰⁰³.

R⁰⁰³ is a straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₁₅ alkyl group, examples of which include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, tert-amyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, ethylcyclopentyl, butylcyclopentyl, ethylcyclohexyl, butylcyclohexyl, adamantyl, ethyladamantyl, and butyladamantyl.

R⁰⁰⁴ is hydrogen or a monovalent hydrocarbon group of 1 to 15 carbon atoms having at least one group selected from among fluorinated substituent groups, carboxyl groups and hydroxyl groups. Examples include hydrogen, carboxyethyl, carboxybutyl, carboxycyclopentyl, carboxycyclohexyl, carboxynorbornyl, carboxyadamantyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxybutyl, hydroxycyclopentyl, hydroxycyclohexyl, hydroxynorbornyl, hydroxyadamantyl, [2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxy-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyllcyclohexyl, and bis[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxy-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]-cyclohexyl.

At least one of R⁰⁰⁵ to R⁰⁰⁸ represents a carboxyl group or a monovalent hydrocarbon group of 1 to 15 carbon atoms having at least one group selected from among fluorinated substituent groups, carboxyl groups and hydroxyl groups while the remaining R's independently represent hydrogen or straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₁₅ alkyl groups. Examples of suitable monovalent C₁-C₁₅ hydrocarbon groups having at least one group selected from among fluorinated substituent groups, carboxyl groups and hydroxyl groups include carboxymethyl, carboxyethyl, carboxybutyl, hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxybutyl, 2-carboxyethoxycarbonyl, 4-carboxybutoxycarbonyl, 2-hydroxyethoxycarbonyl, 4-hydroxybutoxycarbonyl, carboxycyclopentyloxycarbonyl, carboxycyclohexyloxycarbonyl, carboxynorbornyloxycarbonyl, carboxyadamantyloxycarbonyl, hydroxycyclopentyloxycarbonyl, hydroxycyclohexyloxycarbbnyl, hydroxynorbornyloxycarbonyl, hydroxyadamantyloxycarbonyl, [2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxy-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyllcyclohexyloxycarbonyl, and bis[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxy-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]-cyclohexyloxycarbonyl. Suitable straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₁₅ alkyl groups are as exemplified for R⁰⁰³.

Two of R⁰⁰⁵ to R⁰⁰⁸ (for example, a pair of R⁰⁰⁵ and R⁰⁰⁶, R⁰⁰⁶ and R⁰⁰⁷, or R⁰⁰⁷ and R⁰⁰⁸) may bond together to form a ring with the carbon atom(s) to which they are attached, and in that event, at least one of R⁰⁰⁵ to R⁰⁰⁸ is a divalent hydrocarbon group of I to 15 carbon atoms having at least one group selected from fluorinated substituent groups, carboxyl groups and hydroxyl groups, while the remaining R's are independently single bonds, hydrogen atoms or straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₁₅ alkyl groups. Suitable divalent C₁-C₁₅ hydrocarbon groups having at least one group selected from fluorinated substituent groups, carboxyl groups and hydroxyl groups include those exemplified above as the monovalent hydrocarbon groups having at least one group selected from fluorinated substituent groups, carboxyl groups and hydroxyl groups, with one hydrogen atom eliminated therefrom. Suitable straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₁₅ alkyl groups are as exemplified for R⁰⁰³.

R⁰⁰⁹ is a monovalent hydrocarbon group of 3 to 15 carbon atoms containing a —CO₂— partial structure. Examples include 2-oxooxolan-3-yl, 4,4-dimethyl-2-oxooxolan-3-yl, 4-methyl-2-oxooxan-4-yl, 2-oxo-1,3-dioxolan-4-ylmethyl, and 5-methyl-2-oxooxolan-5-yl.

At least one of R⁰¹⁰ to R⁰¹³ is a monovalent hydrocarbon group of 2 to 15 carbon atoms containing a —CO₂— partial structure, while the remaining R's are independently hydrogen atoms or straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₁₅ alkyl groups. Illustrative examples of suitable monovalent C₂-C₁₅ hydrocarbon groups containing a —CO₂— partial structure include 2-oxooxolan-3-yloxycarbonyl, 4,4-dimethyl-2-oxooxolan-3-yloxycarbonyl, 4-methyl-2-oxooxan-4-yloxycarbonyl, 2-oxo-1,3-dioxolan-4-ylmethyloxycarbonyl, and 5-methyl-2-oxooxolan-5-yloxycarbonyl. Suitable straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₁₅ alkyl groups are as exemplified for R⁰⁰³.

Two of R⁰¹⁰ to R⁰⁰³ (for example, a pair of R⁰¹⁰ and R⁰³¹, R⁰¹¹ and R⁰¹², or R⁰¹² and R⁰¹³) may bond together to form a ring with the carbon atom(s) to which they are attached, and in that event, at least one of R⁰¹⁰ to R⁰¹³ is a divalent hydrocarbon group of 1 to 15 carbon atoms containing a —CO₂— partial structure, while the remaining R's are independently single bonds, hydrogen atoms or straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₁₅ alkyl groups. Illustrative examples of suitable divalent C₁-C₁₅ hydrocarbon groups containing a —CO₂— partial structure include 1-oxo-2-oxapropane-1,3-diyl, 1,3-dioxo-2-oxapropane-1,3-diyl, 1-oxo-2-oxabutane-1,4-diyl, and 1,3-dioxo-2-oxabutane-1,4-diyl, as well as those exemplified as the monovalent hydrocarbon groups containing a —CO₂— partial structure, with one hydrogen atom eliminated therefrom. Suitable straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₁₅ alkyl groups are as exemplified for R⁰⁰³.

R⁰¹⁴ is a polycyclic hydrocarbon group having 7 to 15 carbon atoms or an alkyl group containing such a polycyclic hydrocarbon group. Examples include norbornyl, bicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl, tricyclo[5.2.1.0,^(2,6) ]decyl, adamantyl, norbornylmethyl, adamantylmethyl, and alkyl- or cycloalkyl-substituted derivatives thereof.

R⁰¹⁵ is an acid labile group, which will be described later in detail.

R⁰¹⁶ is hydrogen or methyl.

R⁰¹⁷ is a straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₈ alkyl group, examples of which include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, tert-amyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.

X is CH₂ or an oxygen atom. Letter k is 0 or 1.

The acid labile group represented by R⁰¹⁵ may be selected from a variety of such groups. It is a group to be deprotected by the acid generated from the photoacid generator to be described later and may be any of well-known acid labile groups which are commonly used in prior art resist materials, especially chemically amplified resist materials. Examples of the acid labile group are groups of the following general formulae (L1) to (L4), tertiary alkyl groups of 4 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 4 to 15 carbon atoms, trialkylsilyl groups in which each alkyl moiety has 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and oxoalkyl groups of 4 to 20 carbon atoms.

In these formulae and throughout the specification, the broken line denotes a valence bond. R^(L01) and R^(L02) are hydrogen or straight, branched or cyclic alkyl groups of 1 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Exemplary alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, n-octyl, and adamantyl. R^(L03) is a monovalent hydrocarbon group of 1 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 10 carbon atoms, which may contain a hetero atom such as oxygen, examples of which include unsubstituted straight, branched or cyclic alkyl groups and substituted forms of such alkyl groups in which some hydrogen atoms are replaced by hydroxyl, alkoxy, oxo, amino, alkylamino or the like. Illustrative examples of the straight, branched or cyclic alkyl groups are as exemplified above for R^(L01) and R^(L02), and examples of the substituted alkyl groups are as shown below.

A pair of R^(L01) and R^(L02), R^(L01) and R^(L03), or R^(L02) and R^(L03) may together form a ring with carbon and oxygen atoms to which they are attached. The cyclization group of R^(L01), R^(L02) and R^(L03) is a straight or branched alkylene group of 1 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 10 carbon atoms when they form a ring.

R^(L04) is a tertiary alkyl group of 4 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 4 to 15 carbon atoms, a trialkylsilyl group in which each alkyl moiety has 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an oxoalkyl group of 4 to 20 carbon atoms, or a group of formula (L1). Exemplary tertiary alkyl groups are tert-butyl, tert-amyl, 1,1-diethylpropyl, 2-cyclopentylpropan-2-yl, 2-cyclohexylpropan-2-yl, 2-(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)propan-2-yl, 2-(adamantan-1-yl)propan-2-yl, 2-(tricyclo[5.2.1.0^(2,6)]decan-8-yl)propan-2-yl, 2-(tetracyclo[4.4.0.1^(2,5).1^(7,10)]dodecan-3-yl)propan-2-yl, 1-ethylcyclopentyl, 1-butylcyclopentyl, 1-ethylcyclohexyl, 1-butylcyclohexyl, 1-ethyl-2-cyclopentenyl, 1-ethyl-2-cyclohexenyl, 2-methyl-2-adamantyl, 2-ethyl-2-adamantyl, 8-methyl-8-tricyclo[5.2. 1.0^(2,6)]decyl, 8-ethyl-8-tricyclo[5.2.1.0^(2,6)]decyl, 3-methyl-3-tetracyclo[4.4.0.1^(2,5).1^(7,10)]dodecyl, 3-ethyl-3-tetracyclo[4.4.0.1^(2,5).1 ^(7,10)]dodecyl, and the like. Exemplary trialkylsilyl groups are trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, and dimethyl-tert-butylsilyl. Exemplary oxoalkyl groups are 3-oxocyclohexyl, 4-methyl-2-oxooxan-4-yl, and 5-methyl-2-oxooxolan-5-yl. Letter y is an integer of 0 to 6.

In formula (L3), R^(L05) is an optionally substituted, straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group or an optionally substituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl group. Examples of the optionally substituted alkyl groups include straight, branched or cyclic alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, tert-amyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, and substituted forms of such groups in which some hydrogen atoms are replaced by hydroxyl, alkoxy, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, oxo, amino, alkylamino, cyano, mercapto, alkylthio, sulfo or other groups or in which some methylene groups are replaced by oxygen or sulfur atoms. Examples of optionally substituted aryl groups include phenyl, methylphenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, and pyrenyl. Letter m is equal to 0 or 1, n is equal to 0, 1, 2 or 3, and 2m+n is equal to 2 or 3.

In formula (L4), R^(L06) is an optionally substituted, straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group or an optionally substituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl group. Examples of these groups are the same as exemplified for R^(L05). R^(L07) to R^(L16) independently represent hydrogen or monovalent hydrocarbon groups of 1 to 15 carbon atoms. Exemplary hydrocarbon groups are straight, branched or cyclic alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, tert-amyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclopentylethyl, cyclopentylbutyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclohexylethyl and cyclohexylbutyl, and substituted forms of these groups in which some hydrogen atoms are replaced by hydroxyl, alkoxy, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, oxo, amino, alkylamino, cyano, mercapto, alkylthio, sulfo or other groups. Alternatively, R^(L07) to R^(L16) may bond together to form a ring (for example, a pair of R^(L07) and R^(L08), R^(L07) and R^(L09), R^(L08) and R^(L10), R^(L09) and R^(L10), R^(L11) and R^(L12), R^(L13) and R^(L14), or a similar pair form a ring). Each of R^(L07) to R^(L16) represents a divalent C₁-C₁₅ hydrocarbon group when they form a ring, examples of which are those exemplified above for the monovalent hydrocarbon groups, with one hydrogen atom being eliminated. Two of R^(L07) to R^(L16) which are attached to adjoining carbon atoms may bond together directly to form a double bond (for example, a pair of R^(L07) and R^(L09), R^(L09) and R^(L15), R^(L13) and R^(L15), or a similar pair).

Of the acid labile groups of formula (L1), the straight and branched ones are exemplified by the following groups.

Of the acid labile groups of formula (L1), the cyclic ones are, for example, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl, tetrahydropyran-2-yl, and 2-methyltetrahydropyran-2-yl.

Examples of the acid labile groups of formula (L2) include tert-butoxycarbonyl, tert-butoxycarbonylmethyl, tert-amyloxycarbonyl, tert-amyloxycarbonylmethyl, 1,1-diethylpropyloxycarbonyl, 1,1-diethylpropyloxycarbonylmethyl, 1-ethylcyclopentyloxycarbonyl, 1-ethylcyclopentyloxycarbonylmethyl, 1-ethyl-2-cyclopentenyloxycarbonyl, 1-ethyl-2-cyclopentenyloxycarbonylmethyl, 1-ethoxyethoxycarbonylmethyl, 2-tetrahydropyranyloxycarbonylmethyl, and 2-tetrahydrofuranyloxycarbonylmethyl groups.

Examples of the acid labile groups of formula (L3) include 1-methylcyclopentyl, 1-ethylcyclopentyl, 1-n-propylcyclopentyl, 1-isopropylcyclopentyl, 1-n-butylcyclopentyl, 1-sec-butylcyclopentyl, 1-cyclohexylcyclopentyl, 1-(4-methoxybutyl)cyclopentyl, 1-(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)cyclopentyl, 1-(7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)cyclopentyl, 1-methylcyclohexyl, 1-ethylcyclohexyl, 1-methyl-2-cyclopentenyl, 1-ethyl-2-cyclopentenyl, 1-methyl-2-cyclohexenyl, and 1-ethyl-2-cyclohexenyl groups.

Of the acid labile groups of formula (L4), those groups of the following formulae (L4-1) to (L4-4) are preferred.

In formulas (L4-1) to (L4-4), the broken line denotes a bonding site and direction. R^(L41) is each independently a monovalent hydrocarbon group, typically a straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, tert-amyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.

For formulas (L4-1) to (L4-4), there can exist enantiomers and diastereomers. Each-of formulae (L4-1) to (L4-4) collectively represents all such stereoisomers. Such stereoisomers may be used alone or in admixture.

For example, the general formula (L4-3) represents one or a mixture of two or more selected from groups having the following general formulas (L4-3-1) and (L4-3-2).

Similarly, the general formula (L4-4) represents one or a mixture of two or more selected from groups having the following general formulas (L4-4-1) to (L4-4-4).

Each of formulas (L4-1) to (L4-4), (L4-3-1) and (L4-3-2), and (L4-4-1) to (L4-4-4) collectively represents an enantiomer thereof and a mixture of enantiomers.

It is noted that in the above formulas (L4-1) to (L4-4), (L4-3-1) and (L4-3-2), and (L4-4-1) to (L4-4-4), the bond direction is on the exo side relative to the bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane ring, which ensures high reactivity for acid catalyzed elimination reaction (see JP-A 2000-336121). In preparing these monomers having a tertiary exo-alkyl group of bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane skeleton as a substituent group, there may be contained monomers substituted with an endo-alkyl group as represented by the following formulas (L4-1-endo) to (L4-4-endo). For good reactivity, an exo proportion of at least 50 mol % is preferred, with an exo proportion of at least 80 mol % being more preferred.

Illustrative examples of the acid labile group of formula (L4) are given below.

Examples of the tertiary C₄-C₂₀ alkyl groups, trialkylsilyl groups in which each alkyl moiety has 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and C₄-C₂₀ oxoalkyl groups are as exemplified for R^(L04) and the like.

In formula (R2), R⁰¹⁶ is hydrogen or methyl. R⁰¹⁷ is a straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₈ alkyl group.

In formulae (R1) and (R2), letters a1′, a2′, a3′, b1′, b2′, b3′, c1′, c2′, c3′, d1′, d2′, d3′, and e′ are numbers from 0 to less than 1, satisfying a1′+a2′+a3′+b1′+b2′+b3′+c1′+c2′+c3′+d1′+d2′+d3′+e′=1; f′, g′, h′, i′, j′, o′, and p′ are numbers from 0 to less than 1, satisfying f++g′+h′+i′+j′+o′+p′=1; x′, y′ and z′ are each an integer of 0 to 3, satisfying 1≦x′+y′+z′≦5 and 1≦y′+z′≦3.

With respect to the recurring units of formula (R1) and (R2), units of more than one type may be incorporated at the same time. Incorporation of units of more than one type enables to adjust the performance of a resist material in which the resulting polymer is formulated.

Understandably, the sum of respective units=1 means that in a polymer comprising recurring units, the total of the indicated recurring units is 100 mol % relative to the total of entire recurring units.

Examples of the recurring units incorporated at compositional ratio a1′ in formula (R1) and the recurring units incorporated at compositional ratio f′ in formula (R2) are given below, but not limited thereto.

Examples of the recurring units incorporated at compositional ratio b1′ in formula (R1) are given below, but not limited thereto.

Examples of the recurring units incorporated at compositional ratio d1′ in formula (R1) and the recurring units incorporated at compositional ratio g′ in formula (R2) are given below, but not limited thereto.

Exemplary polymers comprising recurring units incorporated at compositional ratios a1′, b1′, c1′, and d1′ in formula (R1) are shown below, but not limited thereto.

Exemplary polymers comprising recurring units incorporated at compositional ratios a2′, b2′, c2′, and d2′ in formula (R1) are shown below, but not limited thereto.

Exemplary polymers comprising recurring units incorporated at compositional ratios a3′, b3′, c3′, and d3′ in formula (R1) are shown below, but not limited thereto.

Examples of polymers having formula (R2) are shown below, but not limited-thereto.

The other polymer is blended in an amount of preferably 0 to 80 parts, more preferably 0 to 60 parts, and even more preferably 0 to 50 parts by weight, provided that the total of the resin component (A) and the other polymer is 100 parts by weight. When blended, the amount of the other polymer is preferably at least 20 parts, more preferably at least 30 parts by weight. Too much amounts of the other polymer may prevent the resin component (A) from exerting its own effect, probably resulting in a lower resolution and degraded pattern profile. The other polymer is not limited to one type and a mixture of two or more other polymers may be added. The use of plural polymers allows for easy adjustment of resist properties.

Photoacid Generator

The resist composition of the invention also comprises (B) a compound which generates an acid in response to actinic light or radiation. Component (B) may be any compound which generates an acid upon exposure to high-energy radiation and specifically, any of well-known photoacid generators which are commonly used in prior art resist compositions, especially chemically amplified resist compositions. Suitable photoacid generators include sulfonium salts, iodonium salts, sulfonyldiazomethane, N-sulfonyloxyimide, and oxime-O-sulfonate acid generators. Exemplary acid generators are given below while they may be used alone or in admixture of two or more.

Sulfonium salts are salts of sulfonium cations with sulfonates, bis(substituted alkylsulfonyl)imides and tris(substituted alkylsulfonyl)methides. Exemplary sulfonium cations include triphenylsulfonium, (4-tert-butoxyphenyl)diphenylsulfonium, bis(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)phenylsulfonium, tris(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)sulfonium, (3-tert-butoxyphenyl)diphenylsulfonium, bis(3-tert-butoxyphenyl)phenylsulfonium, tris(3-tert-butoxyphenyl)sulfonium, (3,4-di-tert-butoxyphenyl)diphenylsulfonium, bis(3,4-di-tert-butoxyphenyl)phenylsulfonium, tris(3,4-di-tert-butoxyphenyl)sulfonium, diphenyl(4-thiophenoxyphenyl)sulfonium, (4-tert-butoxycarbonylmethyloxyphenyl)diphenylsulfonium, tris(4-tert-butoxycarbonylmethyloxyphenyl)sulfonium, (4-tert-butoxyphenyl)bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)sulfonium, tris(4-dimethylaminophenyl)sulfonium, 2-naphthyldiphenylsulfonium, dimethyl-2-naphthylsulfonium, 4-hydroxyphenyldimethylsulfonium, 4-methoxyphenyldimethylsulfonium, trimethylsulfonium, 2-oxocyclohexylcyclohexylmethylsulfonium, trinaphthylsulfonium, tribenzylsulfonium, diphenylmethylsulfonium, dimethylphenylsulfonium, 2-oxo-2-phenylethylthiacyclopentanium, 4-n-butoxynaphthyl-1-thiacyclopentanium, and 2-n-butoxynaphthyl-1-thiacyclopentanium. Exemplary sulfonates include trifluoromethanesulfonate, pentafluoroethanesulfonate, nonafluorobutanesulfonate, dodecafluorohexanesulfonate, pentafluoroethylperfluorocyclohexanesulfonate, heptadecafluorooctanesulfonate, 2,2,2-trifluorbethanesulfonate, pentafluorobenzenesulfonate, 4-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonate, 4-fluorobenzenesulfonate, mesitylenesulfonate, 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonate, toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, 4-(4′-toluenesulfonyloxy)benzenesulfonate, naphthalenesulfonate, camphorsulfonate, octanesulfonate, dodecylbenzenesulfonate, butanesulfonate, methanesulfonate, 2-benzoyloxy-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanesulfonate, 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-(4-phenylbenzoyloxy)propanesulfonate, 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-pivaloyloxypropanesulfonate, 2-cyclohexanecarbonyloxy-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanesulfonate, 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-furoyloxypropanesulfonate, 2-naphthoyloxy-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanesulfonate, 2-(4-tert-butylbenzoyloxy)-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropane-sulfonate, 2-adamantanecarbonyloxy-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanesulfonate, 2-acetyloxy-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanesulfonate, 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-hydroxypropanesulfonate, 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-tosyloxypropanesulfonate, 1,1-difluoro-2-naphthyl-ethanesulfonate, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-(norbornan-2-yl)ethanesulfonate, and 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-(tetracyclo[4.4.0.1^(2.5).1^(7,10)]dodec-3-en-8-yl)ethanesulfonate.

Exemplary bis(substituted alkylsulfonyl)imides include bistrifluoromethylsulfonylimide, bispentafluoroethylsulfonylimide, bisheptafluoropropylsulfonylimide, and 1,3-propylenebissulfonylimide. A typical tris(substituted alkylsulfonyl)methide is tristrifluoromethylsulfonylmethide. Sulfonium salts based on combination of the foregoing examples are included.

Iodonium salts are salts of iodonium cations with sulfonates, bis(substituted alkylsulfonyl)imides and tris(substituted alkylsulfonyl)methides. Exemplary iodonium cations are aryliodonium cations including diphenyliodinium, bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)iodonium, 4-tert-butoxyphenylphenyliodonium, and 4-methoxyphenylphenyliodonium. Exemplary sulfonates include trifluoromethanesulfonate, pentafluoroethanesulfonate, nonafluorobutanesulfonate, dodecafluorohexanesulfonate, pentafluoroethylperfluorocyclohexanesulfonate, heptadecafluorooctanesulfonate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonate, pentafluorobenzenesulfonate, 4-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonate, 4-fluorobenzenesulfonate, mesitylenesulfonate, 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonate, toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, 4-(4-toluenesulfonyloxy)benzenesulfonate, naphthalenesulfonate, camphorsulfonate, octanesulfonate, dodecylbenzenesulfonate, butanesulfonate, methanesulfonate, 2-benzoyloxy-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanesulfonate, 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-(4-phenylbenzoyloxy)propanesulfonate, 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-pivaloyloxypropanesulfonate, 2-cyclohexanecarbonyloxy-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanesulfonate, 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-furoyloxypropanesulfonate, 2-naphthoyloxy-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanesulfonate, 2-(4-tert-butylbenzoyloxy)-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropane-sulfonate, 2-adamantanecarbonyloxy-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanesulfonate, 2-acetyloxy-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanesulfonate, 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-hydroxypropanesulfonate, 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-tosyloxypropanesulfonate, 1,1-difluoro-2-naphthyl-ethanesulfonate, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-(norbornan-2-yl)ethanesulfonate, and 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-(tetracyclo[4.4.0.1^(2,5).1^(7,10)]dodec-3-en-8-yl)ethanesulfonate.

Exemplary bis(substituted alkylsulfonyl)imides include bistrifluoromethylsulfonylimide, bispentafluoroethylsulfonylimide, bisheptafluoropropylsulfonylimide, and 1,3-propylenebissulfonylimide. A typical tris(substituted alkylsulfonyl)methide is tristrifluoromethylsulfonylmethide. Iodonium salts based on combination of the foregoing examples are included.

Exemplary sulfonyldiazomethane compounds include bissulfonyldiazomethane compounds and sulfonylcarbonyldiazomethane compounds such as bis(ethylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(1-methylpropylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(2-methylpropylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(l,l-dimethylethylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(cyclohexylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(perfluoroisopropylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(phenylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(2,4-dimethylphenylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(2-naphthylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(4-acetyloxyphenylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(4-methanesulfonyloxyphenylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(4-(4-toluenesulfonyloxy)phenylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(4-(n-hexyloxy)phenylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(2-methyl-4-(n-hexyloxy)phenylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(2,5-dimethyl-4-(n-hexyloxy)phenylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(3,5-dimethyl-4-(n-hexyloxy)phenylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(2-methyl-5-isopropyl-4-(n-hexyloxy)phenylsulfonyl)diazo-methane, 4-methylphenylsulfonylbenzoyldiazomethane, tert-butylcarbonyl-4-methylphenylsulfonyldiazomethane, 2-naphthylsulfonylbenzoyldiazomethane, 4-methylphenylsulfonyl-2-naphthoyldiazomethane, methylsulfonylbenzoyldiazomethane, and tert-butoxycarbonyl-4-methylphenylsulfonyldiazomethane.

N-sulfonyloxyimide photoacid generators include combinations of imide skeletons with sulfonates. Exemplary imide skeletons are succinimide, naphthalene dicarboxylic acid imide, phthalimide, cyclohexyldicarboxylic acid imide, 5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid imide, and 7-oxablcyclo[2.2.1]-5-heptene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid imide. Exemplary sulfonates include trifluoromethanesulfonate, pentafluoroethanesulfonate, nonafluorobutanesulfonate, dodecafluorohexanesulfonate, pentafluoroethylperfluorocyclohexanesulfonate, heptadecafluorooctanesulfonate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonate, pentafluorobenzenesulfonate, 4-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonate, 4-fluorobenzenesulfonate, mesitylenesulfonate, 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonate, toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, naphthalenesulfonate, camphorsulfonate, octanesulfonate, dodecylbenzenesulfonate, butanesulfonate, methanesulfonate, 2-benzoyloxy-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanesulfonate, 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-(4-phenylbenzoyloxy)propanesulfonate, 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-pivaloyloxypropanesulfonate, 2-cyclohexanecarbonyloxy-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanesulfonate, 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-furoyloxypropanesulfonate, 2-naphthoyloxy-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanesulfonate, 2-(4-tert-butylbenzoyloxy)-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropane-sulfonate, 2-adamantanecarbonyloxy-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanesulfonate, 2-acetyloxy-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanesulfonate, 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-hydroxypropanesulfonate, 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-tosyloxypropanesulfonate, 1,1-difluoro-2-naphthyl-ethanesulfonate, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-(norbornan-2-yl)ethanesulfonate, and 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-(tetracyclo[4.4.0.1^(2,5).1^(7,10)]dodec-3-en-8-yl)ethanesulfonate.

Benzoinsulfonate photoacid generators include benzoin tosylate, benzoin mesylate, and benzoin butanesulfonate.

Pyrogallol trisulfonate photoacid generators include pyrogallol, phloroglucinol, catechol, resorcinol, and hydroquinone, in which all the hydroxyl groups are substituted by trifluoromethanesulfonate, pentafluoroethanesulfonate, nonafluorobutanesulfonate, dodecafluorohexanesulfonate, pentafluoroethylperfluorocyclohexanesulfonate, heptadecafluorooctanesulfonate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonate, pentafluorobenzenesulfonate, 4-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonate, 4-fluorobenzenesulfonate, toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, naphthalenesulfonate, camphorsulfonate, octanesulfonate, dodecylbenzenesulfonate, butanesulfonate, methanesulfonate, 2-benzoyloxy-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanesulfonate, 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-(4-phenylbenzoyloxyzpropanesulfonate, 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-pivaloyloxypropanesulfonate, 2-cyclohexanecarbonyloxy-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanesulfonate, 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-furoyloxypropanesulfonate, 2-naphthoyloxy-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanesulfonate, 2-(4-tert-butylbenzoyloxy)-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropane-sulfonate, 2-adamantanecarbonyloxy-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanesulfonate, 2-acetyloxy-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanesulfonate, 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-hydroxypropanesulfonate, 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-tosyloxypropanesulfonate, 1,1-difluoro-2-naphthyl-ethanesulfonate, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-(norbornan-2-yl)ethanesulfonate, and 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-(tetracyclo[4.4.0.1^(2,5).1^(7,10)]dodec-3-en-8-yl)ethanesulfonate.

Nitrobenzyl sulfonate photoacid generators include 2,4-dinitrobenzyl sulfonate, 2-nitrobenzyl sulfonate, and 2,6-dinitrobenzyl sulfonate, with exemplary sulfonates including trifluoromethanesulfonate, pentafluoroethanesulfonate, nonafluorobutanesulfonate, dodecafluorohexanesulfonate, pentafluoroethylperfluorocyclohexanesulfonate, heptadecafluorooctanesulfonate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonate, pentafluorobenzenesulfonate, 4-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonate, 4-fluorobenzenesulfonate, toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, naphthalenesulfonate, camphorsulfonate, octanesulfonate, dodecylbenzenesulfonate, butanesulfonate, methanesulfonate, 2-benzoyloxy-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanesulfonate, 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-(4-phenylbenzoyloxy)propanesulfonate, 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-pivaloyloxypropanesulfonate, 2-cyclohexanecarbonyloxy-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanesulfonate, 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-furoyloxypropanesulfonate, 2-naphthoyloxy-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanesulfonate, 2-(4-tert-butylbenzoyloxy)-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropane-sulfonate, 2-adamantanecarbonyloxy-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanesulfonate, 2-acetyloxy-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanesulfonate, 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-hydroxypropanesulfonate, 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-tosyloxypropanesulfonate, 1,1-difluoro-2-naphthyl-ethanesulfonate, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-(norbornan-2-yl)ethanesulfonate, and 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-(tetracyclo[4.4.0.1^(2,5).1^(7,10)]dodec-3-en-8-yl)ethanesulfonate. Also useful are analogous nitrobenzyl sulfonate compounds in which the nitro group on the benzyl side is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group.

Sulfone photoacid generators include bis(phenylsulfonyl)methane, bis(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)methane, bis(2-naphthylsulfonyl)methane, 2,2-bis(phenylsulfonyl)propane, 2,2-bis(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)propane, 2,2-bis(2-naphthylsulfonyl)propane, 2-methyl-2-(p-toluenesulfonyl)propiophenone, 2-cyclohexylcarbonyl-2-(p-toluenesulfonyl)propane, and 2,4-dimethyl-2-(p-toluenesulfonyl)pentan-3-one.

Photoacid generators in the form of glyoxime derivatives are described in Japanese Patent No. 2,906,999 and JP-A 9-301948 and include bis-O-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-α-diphenylglyoxime, bis-O-(p-toluenesulfofyl)-α-dicyclohexylglyoxime, bis-O-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-2,3-pentanedioneglyoxime, bis-O-(n-butanesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(n-butanesulfonyl)-α-diphenylglyoxime, bis-O-(n-butanesulfonyl)-α-dicyclohexylglyoxime, bis-O-(methanesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(10-camphorsulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(benzenesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(p-fluorobenzenesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(p-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(xylenesulfonyl)-α-dimethylglyoxime, bis-O-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)-nioxime, bis-O-(2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonyl)-nioxime, bis-O-(10-camphorsulfonyl)-nioxime, bis-O-(benzenesulfonyl)-nioxime, bis-O-(p-fluorobenzenesulfonyl)-nioxime, bis-O-(p-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonyl)-nioxime, and bis-O-(xylenesulfonyl)-nioxime.

Also included are the oxime sulfonates described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,004,724, for example, (5-(4-toluenesulfonyl)oxyimino-5H-thiophen-2-ylidene)phenyl-acetonitrile, (5-(10-camphorsulfonyl)oxyimino-5H-thiophen-2-ylidene)phenyl-acetonitrile, (5-n-octanesulfonyloxyimino-5H-thiophen-2-ylidene)phenyl-acetonitrile, (5-(4-toluenesulfonyl)oxyimino-5H-thiophen-2-ylidene)(2-methylphenyl)acetonitrile, (5-(10-camphorsulfonyl)oxyimino-5H-thiophen-2-ylidene)(2-methylphehyl)acetonitrile, (5-n-octanesulfonyloxyimino-5H-thiophen-2-ylidene)(2-methylphenyl)acetonitrile, etc.

Also included are the oxime sulfonates described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,916,591, for example, (5-(4-(4-toluenesulfonyloxy)benzenesulfonyl)oxyimino-5H-thiophen-2-ylidene)phenylacetonitrile and (5-(2,5-bis(4-toluenesulfonyloxy)benzenesulfonyl)oxyimino-5H-thiophen-2-ylidene)phenylacetonitrile.

Also included are the oxime sulfonates described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,261,738 and JP-A 2000-314956, for example, 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-phenyl-ethanone oxime-O-methylsulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-phenyl-ethanone oxime-O-(10-camphoryl-sulfonate); 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-phenyl-ethanone oxime-O-(4-methoxyphenylsulfonate); 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-phenyl-ethanone oxime-O-(1-naphthylsulfonate); 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-phenyl-ethanone oxime-O-(2-naphthylsulfonate); 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-phenyl-ethanone oxime-O-(2,4,6-trimethylphenylsulfonate); 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-methylphenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-(10-camphorylsulfonate); 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-methylphenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-(methylsulfonate); 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2-methylphenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-(10-camphorylsulfonate); 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-(10-camphorylsulfonate); 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-(1-naphthylsulfonate); 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-(2-naphthylsulfonate); 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-(10-camphorylsulfonate); 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-(l-naphthylsulfonate); 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-(2-naphthylsulfonate); 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-methylsulfonate;.2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-methylthiophenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-methylsulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-methylsulfonate; 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-phenyl-butanone oxime-O-(10-camphorylsulfonate); 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(phenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-methylsulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(phenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-10-camphorylsulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(phenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(phenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-(1-naphthyl)-sulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(phenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-(2-naphthyl)sulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(phenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)sulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-methylphenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-(10-camphoryl)sulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-methylphenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-methylsulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2-methylphenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-(10-camphoryl)sulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-(1-naphthyl)sulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-(2-naphthyl)sulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-(1O-camphoryl)sulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-(1-naphthyl)sulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-(2-naphthyl)sulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-methylsulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-thiomethylphenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-methylsulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-methylsulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-(4-dodecylphenyl)-sulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-octylsulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-thiomethyl-phenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-thiomethylphenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-(4-dodecylphenyl)sulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-thiomethyl-phenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-octylsulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-thiomethylphenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-(2-naphthyl)sulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2-methylphenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-methylsulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-4-methylphenyl)ethanone oxime-O-phenylsulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-ethanone oxime-O-phenylsulfonate; 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-(phenyl)-butanone oxime-O-(10-camphoryl)sulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-naphthyl-ethanone oxime-O-methylsulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-2-naphthyl-ethanone oxime-O-methylsulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-benzylphenyl]-ethanone oxime-O-methylsulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(phenyl-1,4-dioxa-but-1-yl)phenyl]-ethanone oxime-O-methylsulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-naphthyl-ethanone oxime-O-propylsulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-2-naphthyl-ethanone oxime-O-propylsulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-benzylphenyl]-ethanone oxime-O-propyl-sulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-methylsulfonylphenyl]-ethanone oxime-O-propylsulfonate; 1,3-bis[1-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanone oxime-O-sulfonylphenyl; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-methylsulfonyl-oxyphenyl]-ethanone oxime-O-propylsulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-methylcarbonyloxyphenyl]-ethanone oxime-O-propylsulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[6H,7H-5,8-dioxonaphth-2-yl]-ethanone oxime-O-propylsulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-methoxycarbonylmethoxyphenyl]-ethanone oxime-O-propylsulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(methoxycarbonyl)-(4-amino-1-oxa-pent-1-yl)-phenyl]-ethanone oxime-O-propylsulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[3,5-dimethyl-4-ethoxyphenyl]-ethanone oxime-O-propylsulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-benzyloxyphenyl]-ethanone oxime-O-propylsulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[2-thiophenyl]-ethanone oxime-O-propylsulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[1-dioxa-thiophen-2-yl)]-ethanone oxime-O-propylsulfonate; 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-(3-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy-imino)-ethyl)-phenoxy)-propoxy}-phenyl)ethanone oxime(trifluoromethanesulfonate); 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-(3-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(1-propanesulfonyloxyimino)-ethyl)-phenoxy)-propoxy)-phenyl)ethanone oxime(1-propanesulfonate); and 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-(3-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(1-butanesulfonyloxyimino)-ethyl)-phenoxy)-propoxy)-phenyl)ethanone oxime(1-butanesulfonate). Also included are the oxime sulfonates described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,916,591, for example, 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-(3-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-(4-methylphenylsulfonyloxy)phenylsulfonyloxyimino)-ethyl)-phenoxy)-propoxy)-phenyl)ethanone oxime(4-(4-methylphenyl-sulfonyloxy)phenylsulfonate) and 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-(3-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2,5-bis(4-methylphenylsulfonyloxy)-benzenesulfonyloxy)phenylsulfonyloxyimino)-ethyl)-phenoxy)-propoxy)-phenyl)ethanone oxime(2,5-bis(4-methylphenyl-sulfonyloxy)benzenesulfonyloxy)phenylsulfonate).

Also included are the oxime sulfonates described in JP-A 9-95479 and JP-A 9-230588 and the references cited therein, for example, α-(p-toluenesulfonyloxyimino)-phenylacetonitrile, α-(p-chlorobenzenesulfonyloxyimino)-phenylacetonitrile, α-(4-nitrobenzenesulfonyloxyimino)-phenylacetonitrile, α-(4-nitro-2-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonyloxyimino)-phenylacetonitrile, α-(benzenesulfonyloxyimino)-4-chlorophenylacetonitrile, α-(benzenesulfonyloxyimino)-2,4-dichlorophenylacetonitrile, α-(benzenesulfonyloxyimino)-2,6-dichlorophenylacetonitrile, α-(benzenesulfonyloxyimino)-4-methoxyphenylacetonitrile, α-(2-chlorobenzenesulfonyloxyimino)-4-methoxyphenylaceto-nitrile, α-(benzenesulfonyloxyimino)-2-thienyladetonitrile, α-(4-dodecylbenzenesulfonyloxyimino)-phenylacetonitrile, α-[(4-toluenesulfonyloxyimino)-4-methoxyphenyl]acetonitrile, α-[(dodecylbenzenesulfonyloxyimino)-4-methoxyphenyl]aceto-nitrile, α-(tosyloxyimino)-3-thienylacetonitrile, α-(methylsulfonyloxyimino)-1-cyclopentenylacetonitrile, α-(ethylsulfonyloxyimino)-1-cyclopentenylacetonitrile, α-(isopropylsulfonyloxyimino)-1-cyclopentenylacetonitrile, α-(n-butylsulfonyloxyimino)-1-cyclopentenylacetonitrile, α-(ethylsulfonyloxyimino)-1-cyclohexenylacetonitrile, α-(isopropylsulfonyloxyimino)-1-cyclohexenylacetonitrile, and α-(n-butylsulfonyloxyimino)-1-cyclohexenylacetonitrile.

Also included are oxime sulfonates having the formula:

wherein R^(s1) is a substituted or unsubstituted haloalkylsulfonyl or halobenzenesulfonyl group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, R^(s2) is a haloalkyl group of 1 to 11 carbon atoms, and Ar^(s1) is substituted or unsubstituted aromatic or hetero-aromatic group, as described in WO 2004/074242. Examples include 2-[2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1-(nonafluorobutylsulfonyloxyimino)-pentyl]-fluorene, 2-[2,2,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-(nonafluorobutylsulfonyloxy-imino)-butyl]-fluorene, 2-[2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-decafluoro-1-(nonafluorobutylsulfonyl-oxyimino)-hexyl]-fluorene, 2-[2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1-(nonafluorobutylsulfonyl-oxyimino)-pentyl]-4-biphenyl, 2-[2,2,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-(nonafluorobutylsulfonyloxy-imino)-butyl]-4-biphenyl, and 2-[2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-decafluoro-1-(nonafluorobutylsulfonyl-oxyimino)-hexyl]-4-biphenyl.

Suitable bisoxime sulfonates include those described in JP-A 9-208554, for example, bis(α-(4-toluenesulfonyloxy)imino)-p-phenylenediacetonitrile, bis(α-(benzenesulfonyloxy)imino)-p-phenylenediacetonitrile, bis(α-(methanesulfonyloxy)imino)-p-phenylenediacetonitrile, bis(α-(butanesulfonyloxy)imino)-p-phenylenediacetonitrile, bis(α-(10-camphorsulfonyloxy)imino)-p-phenylenediacetonitrile, bis(α-(4-toluenesulfonyloxy)imino)-p-phenylenediacetonitrile, bis(α-(trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy)imino)-p-phenylenediaceto-nitrile, bis(α-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyloxy)imino)-p-phenylenediaceto-nitrile, bis(α-(4-toluenesulfonyloxy)imino)-m-phenylenediacetonitrile, bis(α-(benzenesulfonyloxy)imino)-m-phenylenediacetonitrile, bis(α-(methanesulfonyloxy)imino)-m-phenylenediacetonitrile, bis(α-(butanesulfonyloxy)imino)-m-phenylenediacetonitrile, bis(α-(10-camphorsulfonyloxy)imino)-m-phenylenediacetonitrile, bis(α-(4-toluenesulfonyloxy)imino)-m-phenylenediacetonitrile, bis(α-(trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy)imino)-m-phenylenediaceto-nitrile, bis(α-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyloxy)imino)-m-phenylenediaceto-nitrile, etc.

Of these, preferred photoacid generators are sulfonium salts, bissulfonyldiazomethanes, N-sulfonyloxyimides, oxime-O-sulfonates and glyoxime derivatives. More preferred photoacid generators are sulfonium salts, bissulfonyldiazomethanes, N-sulfonyloxyimides, and oxime-O-sulfonates. Typical examples include triphenylsulfonium p-toluenesulfonate, triphenylsulfonium camphorsulfonate, triphenylsulfonium pentafluorobenzenesulfonate, triphenylsulfonium nonafluorobutanesulfonate, triphenylsulfonium 4-(4′-toluenesulfonyloxy)benzenesulfonate, triphenylsulfonium 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonate, 4-tert-butoxyphenyldiphenylsulfonium p-toluenesulfonate, 4-tert-butoxyphenyldiphenylsulfonium camphorsulfonate, 4-tert-butoxyphenyldiphenylsulfonium 4-(4′-toluenesulfonyl-oxy)benzenesulfonate, tris(4-methylphenyl)sulfonium camphorsulfonate, tris(4-tert-butylphenyl)sulfonium camphorsulfonate, 4-tert-butylphenyldiphenylsulfonium camphorsulfonate, 4-tert-butylphenyldiphenylsulfonium nonafluoro-1-butane-sulfonate, 4-tert-butylphenyldiphenylsulfonium pentafluoroethyl-perfluorocyclohexanesulfonate, 4-tert-butylphenyldiphenylsulfonium perfluoro-1-octane-sulfonate, triphenylsulfonium 1,1-difluoro-2-naphthyl-ethanesulfonate, triphenylsulfonium 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-(norbornan-2-yl)-ethanesulfonate, bis(tert-butylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(cyclohexylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(2,4-dimethylphenylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(4-(n-hexyloxy)phenylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(2-methyl-4-(n-hexyloxy)phenylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(2,5-dimethyl-4-(n-hexyloxy)phenylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(3,5-dimethyl-4-(n-hexyloxy)phenylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(2-methyl-5-isopropyl-4-(n-hexyloxy)phenylsulfonyl)diazo-methane, bis(4-tert-butylphenylsulfonyl)diazomethane, N-camphorsulfonyloxy-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid imide, N-p-toluenesulfonyloxy-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid imide, 2-[2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1-(nonafluorobutylsulfonyloxy-imino)-pentyl]-fluorene, 2-[2,2,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-(nonafluorobutylsulfonyloxy-imino)-butyl]-fluorene, and 2-[2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-decafluoro-1-(nonafluorobutylsulfonyl-oxyimino)-hexyl]-fluorene.

In the resist composition, an appropriate amount of the photoacid generator (B) is, but not limited to, 0.1 to 20 parts, and especially 0.1 to 10 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the base polymer (i.e., resin component (A) and optional other resin component). Too high a proportion of the photoacid generator may give rise to problems of degraded resolution and foreign matter upon development and resist film peeling. The photoacid generators may be used alone or in admixture of two or more. The transmittance of the resist film can be controlled by using a photoacid generator having a low transmittance at the exposure wavelength and adjusting the amount of the photoacid generator added.

In the resist composition, there may be added a compound which is decomposed with an acid to generate another acid, that is, acid-amplifier compound. For these compounds, reference should be made to J. Photopolym. Sci. and Tech., 8, 43-44, 45-46 (1995), and ibid., 9, 29-30 (1996).

Examples of the acid-amplifier compound include tert-butyl-2-methyl-2-tosyloxymethyl acetoacetate and 2-phenyl-2-(2-tosyloxyethyl)-1,3-dioxolane, but are not limited thereto. Of well-known photoacid generators, many of those compounds having poor stability, especially poor thermal stability exhibit an acid amplifier-like behavior.

In the resist composition, an appropriate amount of the acid-amplifier compound is 0 to 2 parts, and especially 0 to 1 part by weight per 100 parts by weight of the base polymer. Excessive amounts of the acid-amplifier compound make diffusion control difficult, leading to degradation of resolution and pattern profile.

In addition to components (A) and (B), the resist composition may further comprise (C) an organic solvent and optionally (D) an organic nitrogen-containing compound, (E) a surfactant, and (F) other components.

Organic Solvent

The organic solvent (C) used herein may be any organic solvent in which the base resin, acid generator, and additives are soluble. Illustrative, non-limiting, examples of the organic solvent include ketones such as cyclohexanone and methyl amyl ketone; alcohols such as 3-methoxybutanol, 3-methyl-3-methoxybutanol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, and 1-ethoxy-2-propanol; ethers such as propylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, propylene glycol dimethyl ether, and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether; esters such as propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA), propylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, ethyl lactate, ethyl pyruvate, butyl acetate, methyl 3-methoxypropionate, ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate, tert-butyl acetate, tert-butyl propionate, and propylene glycol mono-tert-butyl ether acetate; and lactones such as γ-butyrolactone. These solvents may be used alone or in combinations of two or more thereof. Of the above organic solvents, it is recommended to use diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, 1-ethoxy-2-propanol, propylene glycol monomethyl ether lo acetate, and mixtures thereof because the acid generator is most soluble therein.

An appropriate amount of the organic solvent used is about 200 to 3,000 parts, especially about 400 to 2,500 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the base polymer in the resist composition.

Nitrogen-Containing Compound

In the resist composition, an organic nitrogen-containing compound or compounds may be compounded as component (D). The organic nitrogen-containing compound used herein is preferably a compound capable of suppressing the rate of diffusion when the acid generated by the acid generator diffuses within the resist film. The inclusion of organic nitrogen-containing compound holds down the rate of acid diffusion within the resist film, resulting in better resolution. In addition, it suppresses changes in sensitivity following exposure and reduces substrate and environment dependence, as well as improving the exposure latitude and the pattern profile.

The organic nitrogen-containing compound used herein may be any of well-known organic nitrogen-containing compounds which are commonly used in prior art resist compositions, especially chemically amplified resist compositions. Suitable organic nitrogen-containing compounds include primary, secondary, and tertiary aliphatic amines, mixed amines, aromatic amines, heterocyclic amines, nitrogen-containing compounds having carboxyl group, nitrogen-containing compounds having sulfonyl group, nitrogen-containing compounds having hydroxyl group, nitrogen-containing compounds having hydroxyphenyl group, alcoholic nitrogen-containing compounds, amide derivatives, imide derivatives, and carbamate derivatives.

Examples of suitable primary aliphatic amines include ammonia, methylamine, ethylamine, n-propylamine, isopropylamine, n-butylamine, isobutylamine, sec-butylamine, tert-butylamine, pentylamine, tert-amylamine, cyclopentylamine, hexylamine, cyclohexylamine, heptylamine, octylamine, nonylamine, decylamine, dodecylamine, cetylamine, methylenediamine, ethylenediamine, and tetraethylenepentamine. Examples of suitable secondary aliphatic amines include dimethylamine, diethylamine, di-n-propylamine, diisopropylamine, di-n-butylamine, diisobutylamine, di-sec-butylamine, dipentylamine, dicyclopentylamine, dihexylamine, dicyclohexylamine, diheptylamine, dioctylamine, dinonylamine, didecylamine, didodecylamine, dicetylamine, N,N-dimethylmethylenediamine, N,N-dimethylethylenediamine, and N,N-dimethyltetraethylenepentamine. Examples of suitable tertiary aliphatic amines include trimethylamine, triethylamine, tri-n-propylamine, truisopropylamine, tri-n-butylamine, truisobutylamine, tri-sec-butylamine, tripentylamine, tricyclopentylamine, trihexylamine, tricyclohexylamine, triheptylamine, trioctylamine, trinonylamine, tridecylamine, tridodecylamine, tricetylamine, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylmethylenediamine, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine, and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyltetraethylenepentamine.

Examples of suitable mixed amines include dimethylethylamine, methylethylpropylamine, benzylamine, phenethylamine, and benzyldimethylamine. Examples of suitable aromatic and heterocyclic amines include aniline derivatives (e.g., aniline, N-methylaniline, N-ethylaniline, N-propylaniline, N,N-dimethylaniline, 2-methylaniline, 3-methylaniline, 4-methylaniline, ethylaniline, propylaniline, trimethylaniline, 2-nitroaniline, 3-nitroaniline, 4-nitroaniline, 2,4-dinitroaniline, 2,6-dinitroaniline, 3,5-dinitroaniline, and N,N-dimethyltoluidine), diphenyl(p-tolyl)amine, methyldiphenylamine, triphenylamine, phenylenediamine, naphthylamine, diaminonaphthalene, pyrrole derivatives (e.g., pyrrole, 2H-pyrrole, 1-methylpyrrole, 2,4-dimethylpyrrole, 2,5-dimethylpyrrole, and N-methylpyrrole), oxazole derivatives (e.g., oxazole and isooxazole), thiazole derivatives (e.g., thiazole and isothiazole), imidazole derivatives (e.g., imidazole, 4-methylimidazole, and 4-methyl-2-phenylimidazole), pyrazole derivatives, furazan derivatives, pyrroline derivatives (e.g., pyrroline and 2-methyl-1-pyrroline), pyrrolidine derivatives (e.g., pyrrolidine, N-methylpyrrolidine, pyrrolidinone, and N-methylpyrrolidone), imidazoline derivatives, imidazolidine derivatives, pyridine derivatives (e.g., pyridine, methylpyridine, ethylpyridine, propylpyridine, butylpyridine, 4-(1-butylpentyl)pyridine, dimethylpyridine, trimethylpyridine, triethylpyridine, phenylpyridine, 3-methyl-2-phenylpyridine, 4-tert-butylpyridine, diphenylpyridine, benzylpyridine, methoxypyridine, butoxypyridine, dimethoxypyridine, 4-pyrrolidinopyridine, 2-(1-ethylpropyl)pyridine, aminopyridine, and dimethylaminopyridine), pyridazine derivatives, pyrimidine derivatives, pyrazine derivatives, pyrazoline derivatives, pyrazolidine derivatives, piperidine derivatives, piperazine derivatives, morpholine derivatives, indole derivatives, isoindole derivatives, 1H-indazole derivatives, indoline derivatives, quinoline derivatives (e.g., quinoline and 3-quinolinecarbonitrile), isoquinoline derivatives, cinnoline derivatives, quinazoline derivatives, quinoxaline derivatives, phthalazine derivatives, purine derivatives, pteridine derivatives, carbazole derivatives, phenanthridine derivatives, acridine derivatives, phenazine derivatives, 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives, adenine derivatives, adenoslne derivatives, guanine derivatives, guanosine derivatives, uracil derivatives, and uridine derivatives.

Examples of suitable nitrogen-containing compounds having carboxyl group include aminobenzoic acid, indolecarboxylic acid, and amino acid derivatives (e.g. nicotinic acid, alanine, alginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, glycylleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, lysine, 3-aminopyrazine-2-carboxylic acid, and methoxyalanine). Examples of suitable nitrogen-containing compounds having sulfonyl group include 3-pyridinesulfonic acid and pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate. Examples of suitable nitrogen-containing compounds having hydroxyl group, nitrogen-containing compounds having hydroxyphenyl group, and alcoholic nitrogen-containing compounds include 2-hydroxypyridine, aminocresol, 2,4-quinolinediol, 3-indolemethanol hydrate, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, N-ethyldiethanolamine, N,N-diethylethanolamine, truisopropanolamine, 2,2′-iminodiethanol, 2-aminoethanol, 3-amino-1-propanol, 4-amino-1-butanol, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)morpholine, 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyridine, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine, 1-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl]piperazine, piperidine ethanol, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrrolidine, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidinone, 3-piperidino-1,2-propanediol, 3-pyrrolidino-1,2-propanediol, 8-hydroxyjulolidine, 3-quinuclidinol, 3-tropanol, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidine ethanol, 1-aziridine ethanol, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)phthalimide, and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)isonicotinamide. Examples of suitable amide derivatives include formamide, N-methylformamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, acetamide, N-methylacetamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, propionamide, benzamide, and 1-cyclohexylpyrrolidone. Suitable imide derivatives include phthalimide, succinimide, and maleimide. Suitable carbamate derivatives include N-t-butoxycarbonyl-N,N-dicyclohexylamine, N-t-butoxycarbonylbenzimidazole and oxazolidinone.

In addition, organic nitrogen-containing compounds of the following general formula (B)-1 may also be included alone or in admixture.

N(X)_(n)(Y)_(3-n)   (B)-1

In the formula, n is equal to 1, 2 or 3; side chain Y is independently hydrogen or a straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group which may contain an ether or hydroxyl group; and side chain X is independently selected from groups of the following general formulas (X1) to (X3), and two or three X's may bond together to form a ring.

In the formulas, R³⁰⁰, R³⁰² and R³⁰⁵ are independently straight or branched C₁-C₄ alkylene groups; R³⁰¹ and R³⁰⁴ are independently hydrogen or straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₂₀ alkyl groups which may contain at least one hydroxyl, ether, ester group or lactone ring; R³⁰³ is a single bond or a straight or branched C₁-C₄ alkylene group; and R³⁰⁶ is a straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group which may contain at least one hydroxyl, ether, ester group or lactone ring.

Illustrative examples of the compounds of formula (B)-1 include tris(2-methoxymethoxyethyl)amine, tris{2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl}amine, tris{2-(2-methoxyethoxymethoxy)ethyl}amine, tris{2-(1-methoxyethoxy)ethyl}amine, tris{2-(1-ethoxyethoxy)ethyl}amine, tris{2-(1-ethoxypropoxy)ethyl}amine, tris[2-{2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy}ethyl]amine, 4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane, 4,7,13,18-tetraoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo[8.5.5]eicosane, 1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazabicyclooctadecane, 1-aza-12-crown-4, 1-aza-15-crown-5, 1-aza-18-crown-6, tris(2-formyloxyethyl)amine, tris(2-acetoxyethyl)amine, tris(2-propionyloxyethyl)amine, tris(2-butyryloxyethyl)amine, tris(2-isobutyryloxyethyl)amine, tris(2-valeryloxyethyl)amine, tris(2-pivaloyloxyethyl)amine, N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-2-(acetoxyacetoxy)ethylamine, tris(2-methoxycarbonyloxyethyl)amine, tris(2-tert-butoxycarbonyloxyethyl)amine, tris[2-(2-oxopropoxy)ethyl]amine, tris[2-(methoxycarbonylmethyl)oxyethyl]amine, tris[2-(tert-butoxycarbonylmethyloxy)ethyl]amine, tris[2-(cyclohexyloxycarbonylmethyloxy)ethyl]amine, tris(2-methoxycarbonylethyl)amine, tris(2-ethoxycarbonylethyl)amine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(2-methoxyethoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-2-(2-methoxyethoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(2-hydroxyethoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-2-(2-acetoxyethoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-[(methoxycarbonyl)methoxycarbonyl]-ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-2-[(methoxycarbonyl)methoxycarbonyl]-ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(2-oxopropoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-2-(2-oxopropoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(tetrahydrofurfuryloxycarbonyl)-ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-2-(tetrahydrofurfuryloxycarbonyl)-ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-[(2-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl)oxy-carbonyl]ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-2-[(2-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl)oxy-carbonyl]ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(4-hydroxybutoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-formyloxyethyl)-2-(4-formyloxybutoxycarbonyl)-ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-formyloxyethyl)-2-(2-formyloxyethoxycarbonyl)-ethylamine, N,N-bis(2-methoxyethyl)-2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethylamine, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-bis[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amine, N-(2-acetoxyethyl)-bis[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amine, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-bis[2-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amine, N-(2-acetoxyethyl)-bis[2-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amine, N-(3-hydroxy-1-propyl)-bis[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amine, N-(3-acetoxy-1-propyl)-bis[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amine, N-(2-methoxyethyl)-bis[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amine, N-butyl-bis[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amine, N-butyl-bis[2-(2-methoxyethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amine, N-methyl-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)amine, N-ethyl-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)amine, N-methyl-bis(2-pivaloyloxyethyl)amine, N-ethyl-bis[2-(methoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl]amine, N-ethyl-bis[2-(tert-butoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl]amine, tris(methoxycarbonylmethyl)amine, tris(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)amine, N-butyl-bis(methoxycarbonylmethyl)amine, N-hexyl-bis(methoxycarbonylmethyl)amine, and β-(diethylamino)-δ-valerolactone.

Also useful are one or more organic nitrogen-containing compounds having cyclic structure represented by the following general formula (B)-2.

Herein X is as defined above, and R³⁰⁷ is a straight or branched C₂-C₂₀ alkylene group which may contain one or more carbonyl, ether, ester or sulfide groups.

Illustrative examples of the organic nitrogen-containing compounds having formula (B)-2 include 1-[2-(methoxymethoxy)ethyl]pyrrolidine, 1-[2-(methoxymethoxy)ethyl]piperidine, 4-[2-(methoxymethoxy)ethyl]morpholine, 1-[2-[(2-methoxyethoxy)methoxy]ethyl]pyrrolidine, 1-[2-[(2-methoxyethoxy)methoxy]ethyl]piperidine, 4-[2-[(2-methoxyethoxy)methoxy]ethyl]morpholine, 2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl acetate, 2-piperidinoethyl acetate, 2-morpholinoethyl acetate, 2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl formate, 2-piperidinoethyl propionate, 2-morpholinoethyl acetoxyacetate, 2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl methoxyacetate, 4-[2-(methoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl]morpholine, 1-[2-(1-butoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl]piperidine, 4-[2-(2-methoxyethoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl]morpholine, methyl 3-(1-pyrrolidinyl)propionate, methyl 3-piperidinopropionate, methyl 3-morpholinopropionate, methyl 3-(thiomorpholino)propionate, methyl 2-methyl-3-(1-pyrrolidinyl)propionate, ethyl 3-morpholinopropionate, methoxycarbonylmethyl 3-piperidinopropionate, 2-hydroxyethyl 3-(1-pyrrolidinyl)propionate, 2-acetoxyethyl 3-morpholinopropionate, 2-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl 3-(1-pyrrolidinyl)propionate, tetrahydrofurfuryl 3-morpholinopropionate, glycidyl 3-piperidinopropionate, 2-methoxyethyl 3-morpholinopropionate, 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl 3-(1-pyrrolidinyl)propionate, butyl 3-morpholinopropionate, cyclohexyl 3-piperidinopropionate, α-(1-pyrrolidinyl)methyl-γ-butyrolactone, β-piperidino-γ-butyrolactone, β-morpholino-δ-valerolactone, methyl 1-pyrrolidinylacetate, methyl piperidinoacetate, methyl morpholinoacetate, methyl thiomorpholinoacetate, ethyl 1-pyrrolidinyladetate, 2-methoxyethyl morpholinoacetate, 2-morpholinoethyl 2-methoxyacetate, 2-morpholinoethyl 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)acetate, 2-morpholinoethyl 2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetate, 2-morpholinoethyl hexanoate, 2-morpholinoethyl octanoate, 2-morpholinoethyl decanoate, 2-morpholinoethyl laurate, 2-morpholinoethyl myristate, 2-morpholinoethyl palmitate, and 2-morpholinoethyl stearate.

Also, one or more organic nitrogen-containing compounds having cyano group represented by the following general formulae (B)-3 to (B)-6 may be blended.

Herein, X, R³⁰⁷ and n are as defined above, and R³⁰⁸ and R³⁰⁹ are each independently a straight or branched C₁-C₄ alkylene group.

Illustrative examples of the organic nitrogen-containing compounds having cyano represented by formulae (B)-3 to (B)-6 include 3-(diethylamino)propiononitrile, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-aminopropiononitrile, N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-3-aminopropiononitrile, N,N-bis(2-formyloxyethyl)-3-aminopropiononitrile, N,N-bis(2-methoxyethyl)-3-aminopropiononitrile, N,N-bis[2-(methoxymethoxy)ethyl]-3-aminopropiononitrile, methyl N-(2-cyanoethyl)-N-(2-methoxyethyl)-3-aminopropionate, methyl N-(2-cyanoethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-aminopropionate, methyl N-(2-acetoxyethyl)-N-(2-cyanoethyl)-3-aminopropionate, N-(2-cyanoethyl)-N-ethyl-3-aminopropiononitrile, N-(2-cyanoethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-aminopropiononitrile, N-(2-acetoxyethyl)-N-(2-cyanoethyl)-3-aminopropiononitrile, N-(2-cyanoethyl)-N-(2-formyloxyethyl)-3-aminopropiononitrile,. N-(2-cyanoethyl)-N-(2-methoxyethyl)-3-aminopropiononitrile, N-(2-cyanoethyl)-N-[2-(methoxymethoxy)ethyl]-3-aminopropiono-nitrile, N-(2-cyanoethyl)-N-(3-hydroxy-1-propyl)-3-aminopropiononitrile, N-(3-acetoxy-1-propyl)-N-(2-cyanoethyl)-3-aminopropiononitrile, N-(2-cyanoethyl)-N-(3-formyloxy-1-propyl)-3-aminopropiono-nitrile, N-(2-cyanoethyl)-N-tetrahydrofurfuryl-3-aminopropiononitrile, N,N-bis(2-cyanoethyl)-3-aminopropiononitrile, diethylaminoacetonitrile, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)aminoacetonitrile, N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)aminoacetonitrile, N,N-bis(2-formyloxyethyl)aminoacetonitrile, N,N-bis(2-methoxyethyl)aminoacetonitrile, N,N-bis[2-(methoxymethoxy)ethyl]aminoacetonitrile, methyl N-cyanomethyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)-3-aminopropionate, methyl N-cyanomethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-aminopropionate, methyl N-(2-acetoxyethyl)-N-cyanomethyl-3-aminopropionate, N-cyanomethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aminoacetonitrile, N-(2-acetoxyethyl)-N-(cyanomethyl)aminoacetonitrile, N-cyanomethyl-N-(2-formyloxyethyl)aminoacetonitrile, N-cyanomethyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)aminoacetonitrile, N-cyanomethyl-N-[2-(methoxymethoxy)ethyl)aminoacetonitrile, N-cyanomethyl-N-(3-hydroxy-1-propyl)aminoacetonitrile, N-(3-acetoxy-1-propyl)-N-(cyanomethyl)aminoacetonitrile, N-cyanomethyl-N-(3-formyloxy-1-propyl)aminoacetonitrile, N,N-bis(cyanomethyl)aminoacetonitrile, 1-pyrrolidinepropiononitrile, 1-piperidinepropiononitrile, 4-morpholinepropiononitrile, 1-pyrrolidineacetonitrile, 1-piperidineacetonitrile, 4-morpholineacetonitrile, cyanomethyl 3-diethylaminopropionate, cyanomethyl N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-aminopropionate, cyanomethyl N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-3-aminopropionate, cyanomethyl N,N-bis(2-formyloxyethyl)-3-amrinopropionate, cyanomethyl N,N-bis(2-methoxyethyl)-3-aminopropionate, cyanomethyl N,N-bis[2-(methoxymethoxy)ethyl]-3-aminopropionate, 2-cyanoethyl 3-diethylaminopropionate, 2-cyanoethyl N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-aminopropionate, 2-cyanoethyl N,N-bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-3-aminopropionate, 2-cyanoethyl N,N-bis(2-formylokyethyl)-3-aminopropionate, 2-cyanoethyl N,N-bis(2-methoxyethyl)-3-aminopropionate, 2-cyanoethyl N,N-bis[2-(methoxymethoxy)ethyl]-3-amino-propionate, cyanomethyl 1-pyrrolidinepropionate, cyanomethyl 1-piperidinepropionate, cyanomethyl 4-morpholinepropionate, 2-cyanoethyl 1-pyrrolidinepropionate, 2-cyanoethyl 1-piperidinepropionate, and 2-cyanoethyl 4-morpholinepropionate.

Also included are organic nitrogen-containing compounds having an imidazole structure and a polar functional group, represented by the general formula (B)-7.

Herein, R³¹⁰ is a straight, branched or cyclic C₂-C₂₀ alkyl group bearing at least one polar functional group selected from among hydroxyl, carbonyl, ester, ether, sulfide, carbonate, cyano and acetal groups; R³¹¹, R³¹² and R³¹³ are each independently a hydrogen atom, a straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, aryl group or aralkyl group.

Also included are organic nitrogen-containing compounds having a benzimidazole structure and a polar functional group, represented by the general formula (B)-8.

Herein, R³¹⁴ is a hydrogen atom, a straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, aryl group or aralkyl group. R³¹⁵ is a polar functional group-bearing, straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, and the alkyl group contains as the polar functional group at least one group selected from among ester, acetal and cyano groups, and may additionally contain at least one group selected from among hydroxyl, carbonyl, ether, sulfide and carbonate groups.

Further included are heterocyclic nitrogen-containing compounds having a polar functional group, represented by the general formulae (B)-9 and (B)-10.

Herein, A is a nitrogen atom or ≡C—R³²², B is a nitrogen atom or ≡C—R²²³, R³¹⁶ is a straight, branched or cyclic C₂-C₂₀ alkyl group bearing at least one polar functional group selected from among hydroxyl, carbonyl, ester, ether, sulfide, carbonate, cyano and acetal groups; R³¹⁷, R³¹⁶, R³¹⁹ and R³²⁰ are each independently a hydrogen atom, a straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group or aryl group, or a pair of R³¹⁷ and R³¹⁸ and a pair of R³¹⁹ and R³²⁰ taken together, may form a benzene, naphthalene or pyridine ring; R³²¹ is a hydrogen atom, a straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group or aryl group; R³²² and R³²³ each are a hydrogen atom, a straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group or aryl group, or a pair of R³²¹ and R³²³, taken together, may form a benzene or naphthalene ring.

Also included are organic nitrogen-containing compounds of aromatic carboxylic ester structure having the general formulae (B)-11 to (B)-14.

Herein R³²⁴ is a C₆-C₂₀ aryl group or C₄-C₂₀ hetero-aromatic group, in which some or all of hydrogen atoms may be replaced by halogen atoms, straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₂₀ alkyl groups, C₆-C₂₀ aryl groups, C₇-C₂₀ aralkyl groups, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy groups, C₁-C₁₀ acyloxy groups or C₁-C₁₀ alkylthio groups. R³²⁵ is CO₂R³²⁶, OR³²⁷ or cyano group. R³²⁶ is a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, in which some methylene groups may be replaced by oxygen atoms. R³²⁷ is a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl or acyl group, in which some methylene groups may be replaced by oxygen atoms. R³²⁸ is a single bond, methylene, ethylene, sulfur atom or —O(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)— group wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. R³²⁹ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or phenyl. X is a nitrogen atom or CR³³⁰. Y is a nitrogen atom or CR³³¹. Z is a nitrogen atom or CR³³². R³³⁰, R³³¹ and R³³² are each independently hydrogen, methyl or phenyl. Alternatively, a pair of R³³⁰ and R³³¹ or a pair of R³³¹ and R³³² may bond together to form a C₆-C₂₀ aromatic ring or C₂-C₂₀ hetero-aromatic ring.

Further included are organic nitrogen-containing compounds of 7-oxanorbornane-2-carboxylic ester structure having the general formula (B)-15.

Herein R³³³ is hydrogen or a straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group. R³³⁴ and R³³⁵ are each independently a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, C₆-C₂₀ aryl group or C₇-C₂₀ aralkyl group, which may contain one or more polar functional groups selected from among ether, carbonyl, ester, alcohol, sulfide, nitrile, amine, imine, and amide and in which some hydrogen atoms may be replaced by halogen atoms. R³³⁴ and R³³⁵, taken together, may form a heterocyclic or hetero-aromatic ring of 2 to 20 carbon atoms.

The organic nitrogen-containing compounds may be used alone or in admixture of two or more. The organic nitrogen-containing compound is preferably formulated in an amount of 0.001 to 4 parts, and especially 0.01 to 2 part by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the base polymer. Less than 0.001 part of the nitrogen-containing compound achieves no or little addition effect whereas more than 4 parts would result in too low a sensitivity.

Other Components

The resist composition of the invention may include optional ingredients, for example, a surfactant which is commonly used for improving the coating characteristics. Optional ingredients may be added in conventional amounts so long as this does not compromise the objects of the invention.

Nonionic surfactants are preferred, examples of which include perfluoroalkylpolyoxyethylene ethanols, fluorinated alkyl esters, perfluoroalkylamine oxides, perfluoroalkyl EO-addition products, and fluorinated organosiloxane compounds. Useful surfactants are commercially available under the trade names Fluorad FC-430 and FC-431 from Sumitomo 3M, Ltd., Surflon S-141, S-145, KH-10, KH-20, KH-30 and KH-40 from Asahi Glass Co., Ltd., Unidyne DS-401, DS-403 and DS-451 from Daikin Industry Co., Ltd., Megaface F-8151 from Dai-Nippon Ink & Chemicals, Inc., and X-70-092 and X-70-093 from Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. Preferred surfactants are Fluorad FC-430 from Sumitomo 3M, Ltd., KH-20 and KH-30 from Asahi Glass Co., Ltd., and X-70-093 from Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.

Optionally, a polymer may be added to the resist composition of the invention which will be locally distributed at the top of a coating and functions to adjust a hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance at the surface, to enhance water repellency, or to prevent low-molecular-weight components from flowing into or out of the coating when the coating comes in contact with water or similar liquids. The amount of functional polymer added is as used in resist compositions of this type as long as it does not compromise the objects of the invention, and is preferably 0 to 10 parts, and more preferably 0 to 5 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the base polymer.

Preferred examples of the functional polymer which will be localized at the coating top include polymers and copolymers comprising fluorinated units of one or more types, and copolymers comprising fluorinated units and other units. Illustrative examples of suitable fluorinated units and other units are shown below, but not limited thereto.

The functional polymer which will be localized at the coating top should preferably have a weight average molecular weight of 1,000 to 50,000, more preferably 2,000 to 20,000, as measured by GPC versus polystyrene standards. Outside the range, the polymer may have insufficient surface-modifying effect or cause development defects.

To the resist composition of the invention, other components such as dissolution regulators, carboxylic acid compounds and acetylene alcohol derivatives may be added if necessary. Optional components may be added in conventional amounts so long as this does not compromise the objects of the invention.

The dissolution regulator which can be added to the resist composition is a compound having on the molecule at least two phenolic hydroxyl groups, in which an average of from 0 to 100 mol % of all the hydrogen atoms on the phenolic hydroxyl groups are replaced by acid labile groups or a compound having on the molecule at least one carboxyl group, in which an average of 50 to 100 mol % of all the hydrogen atoms on the carboxyl groups are replaced by acid labile groups, both the compounds having an average molecular weight within a range of 100 to 1,000, and preferably 150 to 800.

The degree of substitution of the hydrogen atoms on the phenolic hydroxyl groups with acid labile groups is on average at least 0 mol %, and preferably at least 30 mol %, of all the phenolic hydroxyl groups. The upper limit is 100 mol %, and preferably 80 mol %. The degree of substitution of the hydrogen atoms on the carboxyl groups with acid labile groups is on average at least 50 mol %, and preferably at least 70 mol %, of all the carboxyl groups, with the upper limit being 100 mol %.

Preferable examples of such compounds having two or more phenolic hydroxyl groups or compounds having a carboxyl group include those of formulas (D1) to (D14) below.

In these formulas, R²⁰¹ and R²⁰² are each hydrogen or a straight or branched C₁-C₈ alkyl or alkenyl group, for example, hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, butyl, propyl, ethynyl and cyclohexyl.

R²⁰³ is hydrogen, a straight or branched C₁-C₈ alkyl or alkenyl group, or —(R²⁰⁷)_(h)—COOH wherein R²⁰⁷ is a straight or branched C₁-C₁₀ alkylene, for example, those exemplified for R²⁰¹ and R²⁰² and —COOH and —CH₂COOH.

R²⁰⁴ is —(CH₂)_(i)— wherein i=2 to 10, C₆-C₁₀ arylene, carbonyl, sulfonyl, an oxygen atom, or a sulfur atom, for example, ethylene, phenylene, carbonyl, sulfonyl, oxygen atom or sulfur atom.

R²⁰⁵ is a C₁-C₁₀ alkylene, a C₆-C₁₀ arylene, carbonyl, sulfonyl, an oxygen atom, or a sulfur atom, for example, methylene and those exemplified for R²⁰⁴.

R²⁰⁶ is hydrogen, a straight or branched C₁-C₈ alkyl or alkenyl, or a phenyl or naphthyl group in which at least one hydrogen atom is substituted by a hydroxyl group, for example, hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, butyl, propyl, ethynyl, cyclohexyl, hydroxyl-substituted phenyl, and hydroxyl-substituted naphthyl.

R²⁰⁸ is hydrogen or hydroxyl.

The letter j is an integer from 0 to 5; u and h are each 0 or 1; s, t, s′, t′, s″, and t″ are each numbers which satisfy s+t=8, s′+t′=5, and s″+t″=4, and are such that each phenyl skeleton has at least one hydroxyl group; and a is a number such that the compounds of formula (D8) or (D9) have a weight average molecular weight of from 100 to 1,000.

Exemplary acid labile groups on the dissolution regulator include a variety of'such groups, typically groups of the general formulae (L1) to (L4), tertiary C₄-C₂₀ alkyl groups, trialkylsilyl groups in which each of the alkyls has 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and C₄-C₂₀ oxoalkyl groups. Examples of the respective groups are as previously described.

The dissolution regulator may be formulated in an amount of 0 to 50 parts, preferably 0 to 40 parts, and more preferably 0 to 30 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the base polymer, and may be used singly or as a mixture of two or more thereof. The use of more than 50 parts of the dissolution regulator would lead to slimming of the patterned film, and thus a decline in resolution.

The dissolution regulator can be synthesized by introducing acid labile groups into a compound having phenolic hydroxyl or carboxyl groups in accordance with an organic chemical formulation.

In the resist composition, a carboxylic acid compound may be blended. The carboxylic acid compound used herein may be one or more compounds selected from Groups I and II below, but is not limited thereto. Including this compound improves the PED stability of the resist and ameliorates edge roughness on nitride film substrates.

Group I:

Compounds in which some or all of the hydrogen atoms on the phenolic hydroxyl groups of the compounds of general formulas (A1) to (A10 ) below are replaced by —R⁴⁰¹—COOH (wherein R⁴⁰¹ is a straight or branched C₁-C₁₀ alkylene group), and in which the molar ratio C/(C+D) of phenolic hydroxyl groups (C) to ≡C—COOH groups (D) in the molecule is from 0.1 to 1.0.

In these formulas, R⁴⁰² and R⁴⁰³ are each hydrogen or a straight or branched C₁-C₈ alkyl or alkenyl; R⁴⁰⁴ is hydrogen, a straight or branched C₁-C₈ alkyl or alkenyl, or a —(R⁴⁰⁹)_(h1)—COOR′ group (R′ being hydrogen or —R⁴⁰⁹—COOH); R⁴⁰⁵ is —(CH₂)_(i)— (wherein i is 2 to 10), a C₆-C₁₀ arylene, carbonyl, sulfonyl, an oxygen atom, or a sulfur atom; R⁴⁰⁶ is a C₁-C₁₀ alkylene, a C₆-C₁₀ arylene, carbonyl, sulfonyl, an oxygen atom, or a sulfur atom; R⁴⁰⁷ is hydrogen, a straight or branched C₁-C₈ alkyl or alkenyl, or a hydroxyl-substituted phenyl or naphthyl; R⁴⁰⁸ is hydrogen or methyl; R⁴⁰⁹ is a straight or branched C₁-C₁₀ alkylene; R⁴¹⁰ is hydrogen, a straight or branched C₁-C₈ alkyl or alkenyl, or a —R⁴¹¹—COOH group; R⁴¹¹ is a straight or branched C₁-C₁₀ alkylene; the letter j is a number from 0 to 3; u1 is a number from 1 to 4; h1 is a number from 0 to 4; s1, t1, s2, t2, s3, t3, s4, and t4 are each numbers which satisfy s1+t1=8, s2+t2=5, s3+t3=4, and s4+t4=6, and are such that each phenyl structure has at least one hydroxyl group; κ is a number such that the compound of formula (A6) may have a weight average molecular weight of 1,000 to 5,000; and λ is a number such that the compound of formula (A7) may have a weight average molecular weight of 1,000 to 10,000.

Group II:

Compounds of general formulas (A11) to (A15) below.

In these formulas, R⁴⁰², R⁴⁰³, and R⁴¹¹ are as defined above; R⁴¹² is hydrogen or hydroxyl; s5 and t5 are numbers which satisfy s5≧0, t5≧0, and s5+t5=5; and h1 is a number from 0 to 4.

Illustrative, non-limiting examples of the compound having a carboxyl group include compounds of the general formulas AI-1 to AI-14 and AII-1 to AII-10 below.

In the above formulas, R″ is hydrogen or a —CH₂COOH group such that the —CH₂COOH group accounts for 10 to 100 mol % of R″ in each compound, κ and λ are as defined above.

The compound having a ≡C—COOH group may be used singly or as combinations of two or more thereof. The compound having a ≡C—COOH group is added in an amount ranging from 0 to 5 parts, preferably 0.1 to 5 parts, more preferably 0.1 to 3 parts, further preferably 0.1 to 2 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the base resin. More than 5 parts of the compound can reduce the resolution of the resist composition.

Preferred examples of the acetylene alcohol derivative which can be added to the resist composition include those having the general formula (S1) or (S2) below.

In the formulas, R⁵⁰¹, R⁵⁰², R⁵⁰³, R⁵⁰⁴, and R⁵⁰⁵ are each hydrogen or a straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₈ alkyl; and X and Y are each 0 or a positive number, satisfying 0≦X≦30, 0≦Y≦30, and 0≦X+Y≦40.

Preferable examples of the acetylene alcohol derivative include Surfynol 61, Surfynol 82, Surfynol 104, Surfynol 104E, Surfynol 104H, Surfynol 104A, Surfynol TG, Surfynol PC, Surfynol 440, Surfynol 465, and Surfynol 485 from Air Products and Chemicals Inc., and Surfynol E1004 from Nisshin Chemical Industries Ltd.

The acetylene alcohol derivative is preferably added in an amount of 0 to 2 parts, more preferably 0.01 to 2 parts, and more preferably 0.02 to I part by weight per 100 parts by weight of the base polymer in the resist composition. More than 2 parts by weight would result in a resist having a low resolution.

Process

Pattern formation using the resist composition of the invention may be performed by well-known lithography processes. The process generally involves coating, heat treatment (or prebaking), exposure, heat treatment (post-exposure baking, PEB), and development. If necessary, any additional steps may be added.

For pattern formation, the resist composition is first applied onto a substrate (on which an integrated circuit is to be formed, e.g., Si, SiO₂, SiN, SiON, TiN, WSi, BPSG, SOG, organic antireflective coating, Cr, CrO, CrON, MoSi, etc.) by a suitable coating technique such as spin coating, roll coating, flow coating, dip coating, spray coating or doctor coating. The coating is prebaked on a hot plate at a temperature of 60 to 150° C. for about 1 to 10 minutes, preferably 80 to 140° C. for 1 to 5 minutes. The resulting resist film is generally 0.01 to 2.0 μm thick.

A relationship of a reduced thickness of resist film to an etch selectivity ratio between resist film and processable substrate imposes severer limits on the process. Under consideration is the tri-layer process in which a resist layer, a silicon-containing intermediate layer, an undercoat layer having a high carbon density and high etch resistance, and a processable substrate are laminated in sequence from top to bottom. On etching with oxygen gas, hydrogen gas, ammonia gas or the like, a high etch selectivity ratio is available between the silicon-containing intermediate layer and the undercoat layer, which allows for thickness reduction of the silicon-containing intermediate layer. A relatively high etch selectivity ratio is also available between the monolayer resist and the silicon-containing intermediate layer, which allows for thickness reduction of the monolayer resist. The method for forming the undercoat layer in this case includes a coating and baking method and a CVD method. In the case of coating, novolac resins and resins obtained by polymerization of fused ring-containing olefins are used. In the CVD film formation, gases such as butane, ethane, propane, ethylene and acetylene are used. For the silicon-containing intermediate layer, either a coating method or a CVD method may be employed. The coating method uses silsesquioxane, cage oligo-silsesquioxane (POSS) and the like while the CVD method uses silane gases as the reactant. The silicon-containing intermediate layer may have an antireflection function with a light absorbing ability and have photo-absorptive groups like phenyl groups, or it may be a SiON film. An organic film may be formed between the silicon-containing intermediate layer and the photoresist, and the organic film in this case may be an organic antireflective coating. After the photoresist film is formed, deionized water rinsing (or post-soaking) may be carried out for extracting the photoacid generator and the like from the film surface or washing away particles, or a protective film may be coated.

With a mask having a desired pattern placed above the resist film, the resist film is then exposed to actinic radiation such as UV, deep-UV, electron beams, x-rays, excimer laser light, γ-rays and synchrotron radiation. The exposure dose is preferably about 1 to 200 mJ/cm², more preferably about 10 to 100 mJ/cm². The film is further baked on a hot plate at 60 to 150° C. for 1 to 5 minutes, preferably 80 to 120° C. for 1 to 3 minutes (post-exposure baking=PEB). Thereafter the resist film is developed with a developer in the form of an aqueous base solution, for example, 0.1 to 5 wt %, preferably 2 to 3 wt % aqueous solution of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) for 0.1 to 3 minutes, preferably 0.5 to 2 minutes by conventional techniques such as dip, puddle or spray techniques. In this way, a desired resist pattern is formed on the substrate. It is appreciated that the resist composition of the invention is suited for micro-patterning using such high-energy radiation as deep UV with a wavelength of 254 to 193 nm, vacuum UV with a wavelength of 157, nm, electron beams, soft x-rays, x-rays, excimer laser light, γ-rays and synchrotron radiation, and best suited for micro-patterning using high-energy radiation in the wavelength range of 180 to 200 nm.

Immersion lithography can be applied to the resist composition of the invention. The ArF immersion lithography uses a liquid having a refractive index of at least 1 and highly transparent at the exposure wavelength such as deionized water or alkanes as the immersion solvent. The immersion lithography involves prebaking a resist film and exposing the resist film to light through a projection lens, with deionized water or similar liquid interposed between the resist film and the projection lens. Since this allows projection lenses to be designed to a numerical aperture (NA) of 1.0 or higher, formation of finer patterns is possible. The immersion lithography is important for the ArF lithography to survive to the 45-nm node, with a further development thereof being accelerated. In the case of immersion lithography, deionized water rinsing (or post-soaking) may be carried out after exposure for removing water droplets left on the resist film, or a protective coating may be applied onto the resist film after pre-baking for preventing any dissolution from the resist and improving water slip on the film surface. The resist protective coating used in the immersion lithography is preferably formed from a solution of a polymer having 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol residue which is insoluble in water, but dissolvable in an alkaline developer liquid, in a solvent selected from alcohols of at least 4 carbon atoms, ethers of 8 to 12 carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof.

The technique enabling the ArF lithography to survive to the 32-nm node is a double patterning process. The double patterning process includes a trench process of processing an underlay to a 1:3 trench pattern by a first step of exposure and etching, shifting the position, and forming a 1:3 trench pattern by a second step of exposure for forming a 1:1 pattern; and a line process of processing a first underlay to a 1:3 isolated left pattern by a first step of exposure and etching, shifting the position, processing a second underlay formed below the first underlay by a second step of exposure through the 1:3 isolated left pattern, for forming a half-pitch 1:1 pattern.

EXAMPLE

Examples of the invention are given below by way of illustration and not by way of limitation. Mw is weight average molecular weight.

Preparation of Resist Material EXAMPLES

Resist solutions were prepared by dissolving a polymer, acid generator, and basic compound in a solvent in accordance with the formulation shown in Table 1 and passing through a Teflon® filter with a pore size of 0.2 μm. In all runs, the solvent contained 0.01 wt % of surfactant KH-20 (Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.).

TABLE 1 Resist Resin Acid generator Base Solvent 1 Solvent 2 R-01 P-01 (80) PAG-1 (4.4) Base-1 (0.47) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) R-02 P-02 (80) PAG-1 (4.4) Base-1 (0.47) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) R-03 P-03 (80) PAG-1 (4.4) Base-1 (0.47) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) R-04 P-04 (80) PAG-1 (4.4) Base-1 (0.47) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) R-05 P-05 (80) PAG-1 (4.4) Base-1 (0.47) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) R-06 P-06 (80) PAG-1 (4.4) Base-1 (0.47) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) R-07 P-07 (80) PAG-1 (4.4) Base-1 (0.47) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) R-08 P-08 (80) PAG-1 (4.4) Base-1 (0.47) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) R-09 P-09 (80) PAG-1 (4.4) Base-1 (0.47) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) R-10 P-10 (80) PAG-1 (4.4) Base-1 (0.47) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) R-11 P-11 (80) PAG-1 (4.4) Base-1 (0.47) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) R-12 P-12 (80) PAG-1 (4.4) Base-1 (0.47) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) R-13 P-13 (80) PAG-1 (4.4) Base-1 (0.47) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) R-14 P-14 (80) PAG-1 (4.4) Base-1 (0.47) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) R-15 P-05 (80) PAG-1 (4.4) Base-2 (0.47) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) R-16 P-06 (80) PAG-1 (4.4) Base-2 (0.47) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) R-17 P-07 (80) PAG-1 (4.4) Base-2 (0.47) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) R-18 P-08 (80) PAG-1 (4.4) Base-2 (0.47) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) R-19 P-05 (80) PAG-2 (4.4) Base-1 (0.47) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) R-20 P-06 (80) PAG-2 (4.4) Base-1 (0.47) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) R-21 P-07 (80) PAG-2 (4.4) Base-1 (0.47) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) R-22 P-08 (80) PAG-2 (4.4) Base-1 (0.47) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) R-23 P-05 (80) PAG-2 (4.4) Base-2 (0.47) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) R-24 P-06 (80) PAG-2 (4.4) Base-2 (0.47) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) R-25 P-07 (80) PAG-2 (4.4) Baae-2 (0.47) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) R-26 P-08 (80) PAG-2 (4.4) Base-2 (0.47) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) R-27 P-05 (80) PAG-2 (3.4) Base-2 (0.11) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) PAG-3 (1.1) R-28 P-06 (80) PAG-2 (3.4) Base-2 (0.11) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) PAG-3 (1.1) R-29 P-07 (80) PAG-2 (3.4) Base-2 (0.11) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) PAG-3 (1.1) R-30 P-08 (80) PAG-2 (3.4) Base-2 (0.11) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) PAG-3 (1.1) R-31 P-05 (80) PAG-2 (3.4) Base-2 (0.03) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) PAG-3 (1.1) R-32 P-06 (80) PAG-2 (3.4) Base-2 (0.03) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) PAG-3 (1.1) R-33 P-07 (80) PAG-2 (3.4) Base-2 (0.03) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) PAG-3 (1.1) R-34 P-08 (80) PAG-2 (3.4) Base-2 (0.03) PGMEA (644) CyHO (276) PAG-3 (1.1) The values in parentheses are in parts by weight.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES

Resist solutions for comparison were prepared by the same procedure as in Examples aside from using the formulation shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Acid Solvent Solvent Resist Resin generator Base 1 2 R-35 P-15 (80) PAG-1 (4.4) Base-1 (0.47) PGMEA CyHO (644) (276) R-36 P-16 (80) PAG-1 (4.4) Base-1 (0.47) PGMEA CyHO (644) (276) The values in parentheses are in parts by weight.

In Tables 1 and 2, the acid generator, base and solvent are designated by abbreviations, which have the following meaning.

-   PAG-1: triphenylsulfonium nonafluorobutanesulfonate -   PAG-2: triphenylsulfonium     1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-tert-butylcarbonyloxypropanesulfonate -   PAG-3: triphenylsulfonium 2,4,6-truisopropylbenzene-sulfonate -   Base-1: tri(2-methoxymethoxyethyl)amine -   Base-2: 1-[2-{2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy}ethyl]benzimidazole -   PGMEA: 1-methoxyisopropyl acetate -   CyHO: cyclohexanone

The resins designated by abbreviations are polymers constructed as in Tables 3 to 6.

TABLE 3 Resin Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Mw P-01 A-5M (0.25) A-1M (0.25) B-1M (0.25) B-3M (0.25) 9,100 P-02 A-5M (0.25) A-2M (0.25) B-1M (0.25) B-3M (0.25) 9,000 P-03 A-5M (0.25) A-3M (0.25) B-1M (0.25) B-3M (0.25) 9,200 P-04 A-5M (0.25) A-4M (0.25) B-1M (0.25) B-3M (0.25) 9,100 P-05 A-5M (0.10) A-1M (0.40) B-1M (0.25) B-3M (0.25) 9,100 P-06 A-5M (0.20) A-1M (0.30) B-1M (0.25) B-3M (0.25) 9,200 P-07 A-5M (0.30) A-1M (0.20) B-1M (0.25) B-3M (0.25) 9,100 P-08 A-5M (0.40) A-1M (0.10) B-1M (0.25) B-3M (0.25) 8,800 P-09 A-5M (0.20) A-1M (0.30) B-1M (0.25) B-4M (0.25) 9,100 P-10 A-5M (0.20) A-1M (0.30) B-2M (0.25) B-3M (0.25) 9,100 P-11 A-5M (0.20) A-1M (0.30) B-2M (0.25) B-4M (0.25) 9,200 P-12 A-6M (0.20) A-1M (0.30) B-1M (0.25) B-3M (0.25) 9,100 P-13 A-5M (0.20) A-1M (0.30) B-1A (0.25) B-3M (0.25) 9,000 P-14 A-5M (0.20) A-1M (0.30) B-1M (0.25) B-3A (0.25) 9,000 P-15 A-5M (0.50) B-1M (0.25) B-3M (0.25) 9,100 P-16 A-1M (0.50) B-1M (0.25) B-3M (0.25) 9,100 The value in parentheses is an incorporation ratio of a particular unit expressed in molar ratio.

TABLE 4 A-1M (R=CH₃) A-2M (R=CH₃) A-3M (R=CH₃) A-4M (R=CH₃) A-5M (R=CH₃) A-6M (R=CH₃) A-1A (R=H) A-2A (R=H) A-3A (R=H) A-4A (R=H) A-5A (R=H) A-6A (R=H)

TABLE 5 B-1M (R=CH₃) B-2M (R=CH₃) B-3M (R=CH₃) B-4M (R=CH₃) B-1A (R=H) B-2A (R=H) B-3A (R=H) B-4A (R=H)

Resolution Test Examples 1-34 and Comparative Examples 1-2

On silicon wafers having an antireflective coating (ARC29A, Nissan Chemical Industries Ltd.) of 78 nm thick, the resist solutions (R-01 to 34) of the invention and comparative resist solutions (R-35, R-36) were spin coated, then baked on a hot plate at 120° C. for 60 seconds to give resist films having a thickness of 245 nm. Using an ArF excimer laser stepper (Nikon Corp., NA 0.85), the resist films were exposed, baked (PEB) for 60 seconds and then puddle developed for 60 seconds with a 2.38 wt % aqueous solution of tetramethylammonium hydroxide. In this way, 1:1 contact hole patterns and 1:10 isolated hole patterns were formed. The PEB step used an optimum temperature for a particular resist composition.

The pattern-bearing wafers were observed under a top-down scanning electron microscope (TDSEM). The optimum exposure was an exposure dose (mJ/cm²) which provided an on-wafer size of 120 nm to the 100-nm 1:1 contact hole pattern (on-mask size 140 nm). The 1:10 isolated hole pattern at the optimum exposure was observed for determining an actual on-wafer size of the isolated hole pattern with an on-mask size of 140 nm. The difference in hole size between 1:1 and 1:10 patterns represents mask fidelity (a smaller size difference is better). Also, the range of focus within which the 1:10 isolated hole pattern remained open at the optimum exposure was determined and reported as a focal depth (a wider range is better).

Tables 6 and 7 tabulate the test results (focal depth, pattern profile, mask fidelity) of the inventive and comparative resist compositions, respectively.

TABLE 6 Optimum Focal Mask Example Resist PEB temp. exposure depth Pattern profile fidelity 01 R-01 105° C. 33.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm slightly rounded top 34 nm 02 R-02 105° C. 33.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm slightly rounded top 35 nm 03 R-03 105° C. 34.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm slightly rounded top 33 nm 04 R-04 105° C. 35.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm slightly rounded top 37 nm 05 R-05 105° C. 31.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm slightly rounded top 34 nm 06 R-06 105° C. 33.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm slightly rounded top 31 nm 07 R-07 105° C. 34.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm slightly rounded top 30 nm 08 R-08 105° C. 38.0 mJ/cm² 0.12 μm rectangular 35 nm 09 R-09 105° C. 40.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm slightly rounded top 32 nm 10 R-10 105° C. 35.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm slightly rounded top 35 nm 11 R-11 105° C. 43.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm slightly rounded top 34 nm 12 R-12 105° C. 28.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm slightly rounded top 37 nm 13 R-13 105° C. 29.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm slightly rounded top 38 nm 14 R-14 105° C. 30.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm slightly rounded top 40 nm 15 R-15 105° C. 35.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm slightly rounded top 36 nm 16 R-16 105° C. 36.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm slightly rounded top 34 nm 17 R-17 105° C. 38.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm slightly rounded top 33 nm 18 R-18 105° C. 41.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm rectangular 37 nm 19 R-19 105° C. 33.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm slightly rounded top 33 nm 20 R-20 105° C. 33.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm slightly rounded top 29 nm 21 R-21 105° C. 34.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm rectangular 30 nm 22 R-22 105° C. 38.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm rectangular 34 nm 23 R-23 105° C. 38.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm slightly rounded top 32 nm 24 R-24 105° C. 40.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm slightly rounded top 34 nm 25 R-25 105° C. 41.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm rectangular 30 nm 26 R-26 105° C. 43.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm rectangular 35 nm 27 R-27 105° C. 50.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm rectangular 33 nm 28 R-28 105° C. 55.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm rectangular 30 nm 29 R-29 105° C. 59.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm rectangular 31 nm 30 R-30 105° C. 64.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm rectangular 36 nm 31 R-31 105° C. 39.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm rectangular 30 nm 32 R-32 105° C. 42.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm rectangular 29 nm 33 R-33 105° C. 45.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm rectangular 32 nm 34 R-34 105° C. 49.0 mJ/cm² 0.15 μm rectangular 35 nm

TABLE 7 Comparative PEB Focal Pattern Mask Example Resist temp. Optimum exposure depth profile fidelity 01 R-35 110° C. 27.0 mJ/cm² 0.12 μm bulged 50 nm 02 R-36 105° C. 26.0 mJ/cm² 0.12 μm rounded top 43 nm

It is seen from the results of Table 6 that the resist compositions within the scope of the invention have a wide focal depth and good mask fidelity. In contrast, Table 7 reveals that Comparative Examples 01 and 02, which use only a customary tertiary ester protective group or an acetal protective group as the protective group for carboxylic acid, are inferior in pattern profile and mask fidelity to Examples. It has been demonstrated that resist compositions comprising polymers comprising specific units combined according to the invention have excellent resist characteristics, as compared with the compositions according to the prior art formulation.

Japanese Patent Application No. 2006-186304 is incorporated herein by reference.

Although some preferred embodiments have been described, many modifications and variations may be made thereto in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described without departing from the scope of the appended claims. 

1. A positive resist composition comprising (A) a resin component which becomes soluble in an alkaline developer under the action of an acid, and (B) a compound which generates an acid in response to actinic light or radiation, said resin component (A) comprising a polymer comprising recurring units of the general formula (1):

wherein R¹ is independently hydrogen, methyl or trifluoromethyl, R² and R³ are each independently a straight or branched alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R⁴ is a straight, branched or cyclic monovalent hydrocarbon group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms optionally containing a heteroatom, X¹ is O, S or CH₂CH₂, X² is O, S, CH₂ or CH₂CH₂, n is 1 or 2, a1, a2, b, c, d1 and d2 indicate ratios of the corresponding recurring units, a1, a2, c, d1 and d2 each are from 0 to less than 1, b is from 0.01 to less than 1, with the proviso that a1 and a2 are not equal to 0 at the same time, and d1 and d2 are not equal to 0 at the same time, and a1+a2+b+c+d1+d2=1.
 2. A process for forming a pattern, comprising the steps of applying the resist composition of claim 1 onto a substrate to form a resist coating; heat treating the coating and exposing to high-energy radiation or electron beam through a photomask; and heat treating the exposed coating and developing with a developer.
 3. A process for forming a pattern, comprising the steps of applying the resist composition of claim 1 onto a substrate to form a resist coating; heat treating the coating and exposing to high-energy radiation or electron beam through a photomask; and heat treating the exposed coating and developing with a developer; the exposing step being immersion lithography with a high refractive index liquid having a refractive index of at least 1.0 interposed between the resist coating and a projection lens.
 4. A process for forming a pattern, comprising the steps of applying the resist composition of claim 1 onto a substrate to form a resist coating; heat treating the coating and exposing to high-energy radiation or electron beam through a photomask; and heat treating the exposed coating and developing with a developer; the process further comprising the step of applying a protective coating on the resist coating, the exposing step being immersion lithography with a high refractive index liquid having a refractive index of at least 1.0 interposed between the protective coating and a projection lens. 